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1.
The Early Construction of Spatial Attention: Culture,Space, and Gesture in Parent–Child Interactions 
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下载免费PDF全文 American and Israeli toddler–caregiver dyads (mean age of toddler = 26 months) were presented with naturalistic tasks in which they must watch a short video (N = 97) or concoct a visual story together (N = 66). English‐speaking American caregivers were more likely to use left to right spatial structuring than right to left, especially for well‐ordered letters and numbers. Hebrew‐speaking Israeli parents were more likely than Americans to use right to left spatial structuring, especially for letters. When constructing a pictorial narrative for their children, Americans were more likely to place pictures from left to right than Israelis. These spatial structure biases exhibited by caregivers are a potential route for the development of spatial biases in early childhood, before children have developed automatic reading and writing habits. 相似文献
2.
In this paper we review the literature on visual constraints in written word processing. We notice that not all letters are equally visible to the reader. The letter that is most visible is the letter that is fixated. The visibility of the other letters depends on the distance between the letters and the fixation location, whether the letters are outer or inner letters of the word, and whether the letters lie to the left or to the right of the fixation location. Because of these three factors, word recognition depends on the viewing position. In languages read from left to right, the optimal viewing position is situated between the beginning and the middle of the word. This optimal viewing position is the result of an interplay of four variables: the distance between the viewing position and the farthest letter, the fact that the word beginning is usually more informative than the word end, the fact that during reading words have been recognised a lot of times after fixation on this letter position and the fact that stimuli in the right visual field have direct access to the left cerebral hemisphere. For languages read from right to left, the first three variables pull the optimal viewing position towards the right side of the word (which is the word beginning), but the fourth variable counteracts these forces to some extent. Therefore, the asymmetry of the optimum viewing‐position curve is less clear in Hebrew and Arabic than in French and Dutch. 相似文献
3.
We investigate whether orthographic processes influence the identification and encoding of letter position within letter strings. To minimise word‐specific effects, we adopt a visual letter search task that requires participants to identify a cued letter target among a random five‐letter string. Using this paradigm, previous studies have shown that letter targets to the left are identified faster than those to the right of centre and letter targets in the initial, medial and final positions are identified faster than those in neighbouring positions. While the medial letter advantage is likely to arise from greater visual acuity at the point of fixation, the mechanisms responsible for the left‐to‐right, and exterior, letter advantage have yet to be determined. We show that: (i) search functions for most letters reflect the directional scanning process required for reading English orthography; (ii) search times are significantly faster for letter targets that appear in the most, compared with the least, frequent position in written words; and (iii) search times correlate significantly with positional letter frequency, especially in the initial and final positions. We propose that a combination of low‐level visual, and higher‐level orthographic, processes modulate the encoding of letter identities and position in written word recognition. 相似文献
4.
聋人与听力正常人图形视认知的比较与大脑左右半球功能不对称性的关系 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本实验采用半视野速示法通过对聋人与听力正常人在三种视野条件下图形异同判断中选择反应时的比较 ,探讨了聋人与听力正常人大脑左右半球功能不对称性的特点。实验结果发现 :聋人在三种视野条件下的选择反应时都快于听力正常人 ,但差异均未在到显著性水平 ;聋人以双侧视野的平均反应时为最快 ,右视野的平均反应时最慢 ,听力正常人以右视野的平均反应时为最快 ,左视野的平均反应时最慢 ,但两类被试三种视野间的差异不显著 ;男性被试三种视野的选择反应时均快于女生被试相应视野的反应时 ,但性别间差异并不显著。 相似文献
5.
Some previous studies of visual word recognition have reported an interaction between visual field and word length (measured by number of letters), such that recognition is affected more by word length for words presented in the left than for words presented in the right visual field. However, when manipulating serial position of letters in words to measure length effects, there are also reports of symmetrical word length effects in the two visual fields. Here we report two experiments, presenting four‐ and seven‐letter words, suggesting that the serial position and length effects in the hemispheres are separable and task dependent. For tasks that rely more heavily on letter‐level processing such as letter search (Experiment 1), performance in both hemifields showed similar effects of serial position; however, when comparing four‐ and seven‐letter words, an effect of word length was evident only in the left visual field, in line with the well‐established interaction between word length and hemifield. An interaction between word length and hemifield was confirmed for the same stimuli when they were employed in a lexical decision task, which forced whole‐word processing (Experiment 2). We conclude that the effects of serial position and number of letters in the two visual fields are separable, and are selectively affected by task type. 相似文献
6.
Summary As readability studies have investigated factors which influence the reading difficulty of verbal text, so this study has
been a beginning attempt to isolate the factors which influence the communication potential of illustrative material. It is
interesting to note that as readability researchers have found a correlational relationship between idea density (number of
different ideas per number of running words) and reading difficulty, so this study has shown an inverse relationship between
complexity of an illustration and its effectiveness in communicating clearly. Similarly, as readability studies show that
we must use words that are familiar to the reader, so we must present visual concepts in terms of the background of experience
of the intended viewer. And as in constructing effective textual material we must organize our material logically, eliminating
the unnecessary, so we must simplify the design of illustration, taking care, of course, not to lose the essential.
In this study the author presents some important insights into the factors that influence the communication potential of pictorial
illustrations. Seth Spaulding is a program specialist of the Ford Foundation's field staff, currently advising the Burma Translation
Society in Rangoon, Burma. 相似文献
7.
文章以浙江省某本科院校582名18～23岁大学生为研究对象,测定了他们的身体成分和心肺功能状况。研究结果显示：男生在体重、身体质量指数、去脂体重、肌肉重量等17项指标上得分高于女生,且男女生存在显著差异。而女生则在脂肪量、体脂率、水肿指数、躯干脂肪量等7项指标上得分高于男生,且男女生存在显著差异。在脂肪控制和肌肉控制方面,男生比女生更需要减脂、增肌,两项指标均存在显著的性别差异。女生功能能力和最大摄氧量均低于男生,且统计检验表明男女生存在显著差异。 相似文献
8.
An experiment is reported which investigates the perceptual span available to skilled readers in a single fixation. After adult readers had listened to an incomplete sentence they were presented tachistoscopically with a word which they were to name aloud. Congruency between sentence and word facilitated naming, but the presence of an unattended word in the right visual field confounded this relationship. If the unattended word was also congruent, then the naming response was further facilitated, but a congruent unattended word interfered with the naming of an incongruent attended word. This relationship did not hold for unattended words which were presented in the left visual field, and which did not appear to have been processed for meaning. An effect of an unattended word upon the naming of a fixated word suggests that skilled readers recognize the meanings of more words than are fixated. Skilled readers may use the meanings of words ahead of fixation to enrich their interpretation of the text, or use those words more simply as markers to guide future eye-movements to the location of the next useful fixation. 相似文献
9.
The purpose of this study was to validate Bakker's (1990, 1992) clinical neuropsychological balance model of dyslexia when implemented in a traditional general education classroom environment. The sample included 45 middle school, right-handed boys and girls (mean age = 12.78) with L-type dyslexia (excessively fast readers who make substantive reading errors), P-type dyslexia (displaying accurate but slow and laborious reading), and M-type dyslexia (readers who commit a combination of L-type and P-type dyslexia errors). The experimental groups (L and P type dyslexia) were presented with hemisphere specific stimulation (HSS) and hemispheric alluding stimuli (HAS). HSS involves the presentation of words into the right visual field (RVF) or the left visual field (LVF) or through tactile exercises with the right or left hand. HAS is achieved by constructing semantically and phonetically challenging letters and words. The children with M-type dyslexia served as a control group and received traditional decoding and comprehension exercises. The readers were exposed to a specific treatment model for 16 weeks, depending on their reading accuracy and comprehension. Statistical analyses indicated that, although there were no significant changes in word recognition for the dyslexia subtypes, the readers with L-type, P-type, and M-type dyslexia exhibited significant improvement in reading accuracy and comprehension as assessed by results from pretest to posttest. These results suggest that Bakker's clinical neuropsychological intervention can be effectively applied to the general education setting as well. 相似文献
10.
Shelley Shaul 《Reading and writing》2012,25(5):1143-1170
This study examined the differences in processing between regular and dyslexic readers in a lexical decision task in different
visual field presentations (left, right, and center). The research utilized behavioral measures that provide information on
accuracy and reaction time and electro-physiological measures that permit the examination of brain activity during cognitive
processing. Two groups of university students, regular and dyslexic readers, were matched on age, gender, intelligence, socioeconomic
status, and handedness. A lexical decision task was used in order to examine the processes during word recognition. Subjects
were required to decide whether a sequence of letters constituted a real word existing in spoken language or whether the stimulus
seen was not an accurate word. For the behavioral measures, it was found that the dyslexics read slower and with more errors
than the regular readers. Moreover, the ERP components appeared later in dyslexics as compared to regular readers in this
task. The performance of the dyslexics improved and even approached that of the regular readers when the stimuli were presented
to the left visual field. Thus, it seems that the dyslexics were relying more on their right hemisphere for linguistic processing,
whereas the regular readers were relying more on their language areas in the left hemisphere. 相似文献
11.
Alandeom W. Oliveira Seema Rivera Rory Glass Michael Mastroianni Francine Wizner Vincent Amodeo 《Journal of Science Teacher Education》2013,24(2):367-389
This study examines how three elementary teachers refer to pictorial models (photographs, drawings, and cartoons) during science read-alouds. While one teacher used realistic photographs for the purpose of visually verifying facts about crystals, another employed analytical diagrams as heuristic tools to help students visualize complex target systems (rainbow formation and human eye functioning). Another teacher used fictional cartoons to engage students in analogical storytelling, communicating animal camouflage as analogous to human “blending in.” However, teachers did not always explicitly convey the representational nature of pictorial models (analog and target as separate entities). It is argued that teachers need to become more aware of how they refer to pictorial models in children’s science books and how to promote student visual literacy. 相似文献
12.
Visual perspective-taking skills in children 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The present study evaluated the effects of stimulus complexity and rule usage on a visual perspective-taking task. Preschoolers, first, third, and fifth graders, and adults were shown arrays of dolls and performed a series of perspective-taking tasks. Errors decreased with age, and more errors occurred with the more complex visual arrays. A significant number of errors were made in self-view trials, especially by the preschoolers, showing that the ability to relate an array to a pictorial representation of it is not perfect. A conditional probability analysis showed that most egocentric errors were not due to an inability to relate the array to pictorial representations, but rather to a lack of mastery of Flavell's different positions--different views rule. When the array was covered, however, even first graders showed almost perfect mastery of this rule. There were also task effects on the use of Flavell's same position--same view rule: children performed better for a task involving self and other than for 2 others. Response latencies and effects for the observer's relative position provided evidence for a new rule: opposite positions--opposite views. In addition, front and back views of the dolls were significantly easier than the side views, which suggests a role of labeling or stimulus-discrimination skills. 相似文献
13.
符琪 《周口师范学院学报》2011,28(6):89-94
信托利益平衡机制决定着信托制度的命运。信托外部关系的利益冲突无法通过内部的信托契约得以化解,必须依靠信托法加以调节。通过分析信托外部关系利益冲突的根源及特征,将其中的债权性利益冲突类型化,试图构建平衡信托外部关系利益冲突的专门机制。 相似文献
14.
Delinda Van Garderen Marjorie Montague 《Learning disabilities research & practice》2003,18(4):246-254
The purpose of this study was to investigate students' use of visual imagery while solving mathematical problems. Students with learning disabilities (LD), average achievers, and gifted students in sixth grade (N= 66) participated in this study. Students were assessed on measures of mathematical problem solving and visual‐spatial representation. Visual‐spatial representations were coded as either primarily schematic representations that encode the spatial relations described in the problem or primarily pictorial representations that encode persons, places, or things described in the problem. Results indicated that gifted students used significantly more visual‐spatial representations than the other two groups. Students with LD used significantly more pictorial representations than their peers. Successful mathematical problem solving was positively correlated with use of schematic representations; conversely, it was negatively correlated with use of pictorial representations. 相似文献
15.
教育权与著作权的竞争与平衡 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
龙文懋 《首都师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2003,(3):53-57
教育权是我国宪法规定的公民基本权利之一，它在作权法上也有体现，反映在作权法上有关作权合理使用的某些规定中。教育权与作权的竞争通常通过作权合理使用制度加以平衡。当今时代，由于教育观念和教育定位发生很大变化，同时也由于网络技术和其他信息技术的发展，在全球范围内合理使用制度面临重大挑战，急需在教育权与作权之间寻找新的平衡点。我国作权法的有关规定也有待调适。 相似文献
16.
Rachael Davis Georgina Donati Kier Finnegan James P. Boardman Bethan Dean Sue Fletcher-Watson Gillian S. Forrester 《Child development》2022,93(4):869-880
Visual field biases have been identified as markers of atypical lateralization in children with developmental conditions, but this is the first investigation to consider early lateralized gaze behaviors for social stimuli in preterm infants. Eye-tracking methods with 51 preterm (33 male, 92.1% White) and 61 term-born (31 male, 90.1% White) infants aged 8–10 months from Edinburgh, UK, captured the development of visual field biases, comparing gaze behavior to social and non-social stimuli on the left versus right of the screen. Preterm infants showed a significantly reduced interest to social stimuli on the left versus right compared to term children (d = .58). Preterm children exhibit early differential orienting preferences that may be an early indicator of atypical lateralized function. 相似文献
17.
M D Clark 《American annals of the deaf》1991,136(4):349-353
In this study, the information processing strategies of Gallaudet University students who are profoundly and prelingually deaf were evaluated. The subjects demonstrated the highest levels of recognition to the left and right of the fixation point, often referred to as a reading strategy when found in hearing people. Additionally, they demonstrated higher levels of recognition at positions in the top right quadrant of the display, a pattern not found in hearing people. A main effect was found: subjects whose primary and secondary school backgrounds were oral and manual combined had significantly higher levels of recognition overall than did subjects from oral-only educational backgrounds. Differences in background did not interact with strategy use in this study. These findings lead to the conclusion that the information processing strategies of deaf people need to be evaluated closely before general conclusions can be made. Alternative means for evaluating these types of findings are suggested. 相似文献
18.
文章从三个方面总结了听觉障碍人群注意加工机制研究的新进展:(1)听觉障碍人群在中央或外周视野中的注意加工特点;(2)对先天聋被试外周视野注意加工增强机制的解释;(3)听觉障碍人群对运动加工的右侧视野或左侧半球优势现象。这些研究为听觉障碍人群的康复训练提供了科学的理论基础。 相似文献
19.
Raymond S. Dean 《Contemporary educational psychology》1984,9(4):384-393
The degree to which the concreteness of prose material presented in an auditory fashion would interact with learners' lateral preference under different right hemispheric presentation conditions was investigated with 96 normal adults. Forty-eight subjects with consistent right preference patterns and a like number of bilateral individuals were either instructed to image, given a visual-spatial interference task, or given no instructions before listening to passages which differed in abstractness. As predicted across conditions, learners recalled a significantly greater number of ideas when the passage was concrete. Importantly, the abstractness was found to interact with subjects' inferred cerebral dominance. Whereas instructions to image and visual interference had little significant effect on mixed dominant subjects, for more consistently lateralized subjects imagery instructions increased and right-hemispheric interference decreased concrete recall. The results were interpreted in terms of visual and verbal encoding concomitant with cerebral lateralization. 相似文献
20.
We analyze the impact on high-stakes assessments of incentivizing students’ effort in a field experiment with over 10,000 high school students. We contribute to the literature by using our rich data and machine learning techniques to explore treatment heterogeneity; by comparing financial and non-financial rewards in rewarding effort rather than grades; and by using high-stakes outcomes. We find little average impact of incentives in the overall population, but we identify a “right tail” of highly responsive students: in the upper half of the responsiveness distribution, test scores improve by 0.1-0.2 SD, about half the attainment gap between poor and non-poor students. 相似文献