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1.
The effects of identical context on pattern recognition by pigeons for outline drawings of faces were investigated by training
pigeons to identify (Experiment 1) and categorize (Experiment 2) these stimuli according to the orientation of the mouth—an
upright U shape representing a smiling mouth or an inverted U shape representing a sad mouth. These target stimuli were presented
alone (Pair 1), with three dots in a triangular orientation to represent a nose and eyes (Pair 2), and with the face pattern
surrounded by an oval (Pair 3). In Experiment 1, the pigeons trained with Pair 1 were most accurate, those trained with Pair
2 were less so, and those trained with Pair 3 failed to acquire the discrimination within eighty 100-trial sessions. The same
ordering was found in Experiment 2 for pigeons trained on the three pairs simultaneously. The authors suggest that a contrasting
finding in humans, the face superiority effect, might be due to a gain in discriminability resulting from recognition of the
pattern as a face. An exemplar model of information processing that excludes linguistic coding accounts for the present results. 相似文献
2.
Cara H. Cashon Oh‐Ryeong Ha Casey L. Allen Amelia Cevelle Barna 《Child development》2013,84(3):802-809
A growing body of research indicates connections exist between action, perception, and cognition in infants. In this study, associated changes between sitting ability and upright face processing were tested in 111 infants. Using the visual habituation “switch” task (C. H. Cashon & L. B. Cohen, 2004; L. B. Cohen & C. H. Cashon, 2001), holistic processing of faces was assessed in same‐aged non‐ and near sitters (22–25 weeks) and same‐aged new and expert sitters (27–32 weeks). U‐shaped relation was found between sitting stage and holistic face processing such that only nonsitters and expert sitters processed faces holistically. It is posited that the results are due to a reorganization of the upright face‐processing system resulting from infants' learning to sit independently and trying to incorporate the meaning of upright faces. 相似文献
3.
The effect of stimulus rotation was assessed in four Guinea baboons (Papio papio), using pictures of familiar human faces presented in a computerized go/no-go task. In Experiment 1, 2 baboons were initially trained to discriminate upright faces, and 2 others were trained to discriminate upside-down faces. For the two groups, postlearning discrimination was impaired when the training faces were rotated 180°. In Experiment 2, upright and upside-down priming faces appeared prior to the display of target faces. For the two groups, response times were faster when the prime and the target faces had the same orientations than when they were depicted under different orientations. Finally, Experiments 3 and 4 identified variations in facial contours as the most salient discriminative cue controlling performance in 2 baboons. Altogether, our results provide no evidence that the baboons processed the pictures as representations of faces. It is suggested that the effect of rotation derived from the encoding of the pictorial faces as meaningless mono-oriented shapes, rather than as natural human faces. 相似文献
4.
Wang Lei Mo Yulong * Qi Feihu 《上海大学学报(英文版)》1998,2(4):262-269
Ｆｒｏｎｔ－Ｖｉｅｗ ＩｍａｇｅｓTX１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＤｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｄｅｍａｎｄｉｎｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉ－ｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｅｃｕｒｉｔｙｗｏｒｋ,ａｕｔｏｍａｔｉｃｆａｃｅｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅ... 相似文献
5.
6 1-month-old infants and 6 2-month-old infants each viewed 3 faces (his mother's, a strange woman's, and a strange man's) while his eye movements were recorded by corneal photography. The 1-month-olds fixated away from the faces most of the time, and they looked at their mothers even less often than at the strangers. When they did fixate a face, they usually chose a limited portion of the perimeter. By constrast, 2-month-olds fixated the faces most of the time, looked at more features, and were more likely to look at internal features, especially the eyes. This scanning resembles that reported previously for 2-dimensional shapes, although in some respects it appears unique to faces. 相似文献
6.
福田繁雄是日本和世界设计界的大师,它充分运用以形易形、置换图形的设计新理念,使平面设计的负形发挥了极大的作用,开拓了设计领域的新方向和新思路。在以形易形的转换中,负形的意义被提升出来的同时,梦幻般的设计图像形态更加具有魅力,使幻觉在现实中发生与主题紧密的直接意义。正负形的矛盾和图像意义的矛盾,在这位设计大师那里成为设计的主要策略和理念,这一理念也被当今世界设计领域广泛的运用,对中国设计领域影响很大。 相似文献
7.
The ability of 8-month-old infants to localize an event from a new direction of facing was tested in a square and a circular room with and without a landmark. Subjects were trained to anticipate the site from 2 directions of facing and then tested in a new direction of facing. The number of trials to a criterion of learning, the number of subjects looking first at the event site after reorientation, and the time spent in doing so were recorded. Taken together, the results show that at 8 months ability to identify the site of an event after reorientation is based on the spatial relationship between the event and environmental features. The latter include features associated with room shape as well as a landmark at the site of the event. 相似文献
8.
Barbara Younger 《Child development》1992,63(6):1526-1535
Previous studies indicated that the ability to detect correlations among attributes emerges between 7 and 10 months of age. In the present study, the generality of this developmental transition was examined. Using an infant-control habituation procedure, 48 7- and 10-month-old infants were tested for the perception of correlations among basic facial features. The developmental effects were replicated. Only the 10-month-old infants demonstrated their sensitivity to the pattern of correlation by generalizing to a novel face that preserved the experienced pattern of correlation, while showing increased attention to a face in which the pattern of correlation was violated. 7-month-old infants generalized to both test stimuli containing familiar features, regardless of the status of the correlation. Implications for face perception and the processing of categorical information are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Peter S. Kaplan Jo-Anne Bachorowski & Patricia Zarlengo-Strouse 《Child development》1999,70(3):560-570
Child-directed (CD) speech segments produced by 20 mothers who varied in self-reported symptoms of depression, recorded during a structured play interaction with their 2- to 6-month-old infants, were used as conditioned stimuli with face reinforcers in a conditioned attention paradigm. After pairings of speech segments and faces, speech segments were assessed for their ability to increase time spent looking at a novel checker-board pattern (summation test) using 225 4-month-old infants of nondepressed mothers. Significant positive summation, an index of associative learning, was obtained in groups of infants tested with speech produced by mothers with comparatively fewer self-reported symptoms of depression (Beck Depression Inventory or BDI < or = 15). However, significant positive summation was not achieved using speech samples produced by mothers with comparatively more symptoms of depression (BDI > 15). These results indicate that the CD speech produced by mothers with symptoms of depression does not promote associative learning in infants. 相似文献
10.
T M Field 《Child development》1979,50(1):188-194
Infants' looking and looking-away behaviors, as well as cardiac responses to mothers' spontaneous and imitative and to dolls' animated and still faces, were recorded for 18 term and 18 preterm infants when they were 3 months old. Infants spent less time looking at their mothers' than at the doll's faces, and their heart-rate levels were elevated while looking at mothers' faces. These effects were most pronounced for the preterm infants whose inferior scores on the animate visual item of the Brazelton neonatal scale suggested a continuity of visual inattentiveness to animate stimuli. Both groups also looked at the inanimate more than the animate doll's face and evidenced lower heart-rate levels during that situation. An information-processing/arousal-modulation interpretation was made for infant looking-away behavior and elevated heart rate during the more arousing mother's-face situations. 相似文献
11.
Adults use both first-order, or categorical, relations among features (e.g., the nose is above the mouth), and second-order, or fine spatial relations (e.g., the space between eyes), to process faces. Adults' expertise in face processing is thought to be based on the use of second-order relations. In the current study, 5-month-olds detected second-order changes, but 3-month-olds failed to detect second-order changes induced by 2 different manipulations. Three-month-olds did detect first-order changes, however. Also, inversion affected 5-month-olds' processing of second-order but not first-order information. These results suggest that, although sensitivity to first-order relations is available by 3 months or earlier, sensitivity to second-order information may not develop until sometime between 3 and 5 months of age. 相似文献
12.
主要研究人脸检测算法,分析了现有人脸检测算法的特点和不足之处。采用基于YCbCr空间的高斯肤色模型,利用颜色信息把彩色图像分割成皮肤区、头发区和背景区。对皮肤区进行去噪处理,实现脸部区域的具体定位,然后对人脸上的眼睛、嘴巴和鼻子定位。给出了人脸检测的模块设计和算法流程。 相似文献
13.
英、俄两种语言中由人体部位及器官词汇构成的惯用语很多,本文通过对头、脸、眼睛、鼻子、嘴、牙齿、舌头和耳朵等人体部位和器官词汇所构成的惯用语进行分析,发现不同民族对自然和社会的认识异同交织,从而使语言打上了民族文化的烙印. 相似文献
14.
Susan S. Jones 《Child development》1996,67(5):1952-1969
The claim that very young infants can imitate rests largely on reports that infants match adult displays of mouth opening (MO) and tongue protrusion (TP). Recent reviews suggest that only tongue protruding is reliably matched by young infants. This study tests the proposal that infants' "imitation" of tongue protruding reflects a coincidental match between a sight that infants find interesting and a behavior by which infants express interest. In Study 1, 4-week-old infants who looked longer at a nonsocial light display also produced TPs at higher rates than infants showing less interest. In Study 2, 4-week-old infants showed more interest in (looked longer at) a tongue-protruding adult face than a mouth-opening face. Study 3 tracked 2 infants' responses to interesting objects for several weeks before and after the onset of manual reaching. Both infants produced tongue protrusions in response to objects within reach before but not after reaching developed. Together, the results of the 3 studies suggest that infants' tongue protrusions in response to a tongue-protruding adult reflect very early attempts at oral exploration of interesting objects. 相似文献
15.
Four-year-olds were tested for their ability to use differences in the spacing among features to recognize familiar faces. They were given a storybook depicting multiple views of 2 children. They returned to the laboratory 2 weeks later and used a "magic wand" to play a computer game that tested their ability to recognize the familiarized faces and their own face based on the spacing of features. Children performed at chance levels. Follow-up studies confirmed that they had attended to internal facial features and validated the stimuli. The results contrast with studies showing some sensitivity to the spacing of features in infants and preschool children; multiple mechanisms of face processing may make use of spatial relations and develop at different rates. 相似文献
16.
John Colombo W. Allen Richman D. Jill Shaddy rea Follmer Greenhoot & Julie M. Maikranz 《Child development》2001,72(6):1605-1616
Four-month-old infants (N = 68) were tested in a paired-comparison familiarization-novelty recognition task in which the length of choice trials was systematically manipulated. Peak look duration during pretest and familiarization periods significantly predicted a dichotomous measure of recognition performance, but recognition was unaffected by choice-trial length. Heart rate (HR) was simultaneously assessed during the task, and the amount of time infants spent in various HR-defined phases of attention was assessed. Longer durations of looking during pretest and familiarization were significantly associated with more time spent in both sustained attention (SA) and attention termination (AT). Of these two variables, only individual differences in AT accounted for significant variance in recognition memory performance. A final analysis addressed the possibility that individual differences in AT mediated the relation between look duration and recognition performance. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that individual differences in the disengagement of attention underlie the relation between look duration and cognitive performance in early to midinfancy. 相似文献
17.
Adults recognize emotions conveyed by bodies with comparable accuracy to facial emotions. However, no prior study has explored infants' perception of body emotions. In Experiment 1, 6.5‐month‐olds (n = 32) preferred happy over neutral actions of actors with covered faces in upright but not inverted silent videos. In Experiment 2, infants (n = 32) matched happy and angry videos to corresponding vocalizations when the videos were upright but not when they were inverted. Experiment 3 (n = 16) demonstrated that infants' performance in Experiment 2 was not driven by information from the covered face and head. Thus, young infants are sensitive to emotions conveyed by bodies and match them to affective vocalizations, indicating sophisticated emotion processing capabilities early in life. 相似文献
18.
Paul C. Quinn Matthew M. Doran Jason E. Reiss and James E. Hoffman 《Child development》2009,80(1):151-161
Previous looking time studies have shown that infants use the heads of cat and dog images to form category representations for these animal classes. The present research used an eye-tracking procedure to determine the time course of attention to the head and whether it reflects a preexisting bias or online learning. Six- to 7-month-olds were familiarized with cats or dogs in upright or inverted orientations and then tested with a novel cat and novel dog in the same orientation. In the upright orientation, infants fixated head over body throughout familiarization; with inversion, no head preference was observed. These findings suggest that infant reliance on the head to categorize cats versus dogs results from a bias that pushes attention to the head. 相似文献
19.
Although recent behavioral and neural research indicates that infants represent the body’s structure, how they engage self-representations for action is little understood. This study addressed how the human face becomes a reaching space. Infants (N = 24; 2–11 months) were tested longitudinally approximately every 3 weeks on their ability to reach to a vibrating target placed at different locations on the face. Successful reaches required coordinating skin- and body-based codes for location, a problem known as tactile remapping. Findings suggest that a functional representation of the face is initially fragmented. Infants localized targets in the perioral region before other areas (ears/temples). Additionally, infants predominantly reached ipsilaterally to targets. Collectively, the findings illuminate how the face becomes an integrated sensorimotor space for self-reaching. 相似文献
20.
To examine the ontogeny of emotional face processing, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from adults and 7-month-old infants while viewing pictures of fearful, happy, and neutral faces. Face-sensitive ERPs at occipital-temporal scalp regions differentiated between fearful and neutral/happy faces in both adults (N170 was larger for fear) and infants (P400 was larger for fear). Behavioral measures showed no overt attentional bias toward fearful faces in adults, but in infants, the duration of the first fixation was longer for fearful than happy faces. Together, these results suggest that the neural systems underlying the differential processing of fearful and happy/neutral faces are functional early in life, and that affective factors may play an important role in modulating infants' face processing. 相似文献