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1.
Christine Winberg 《Higher Education》2006,51(2):159-172
South African higher education institutions are increasingly under scrutiny to produce knowledge that is more relevant to
South Africa’s social and economic needs, more representative of the diversity of its knowledge producers, and more inclusive
of the variety of the sites where knowledge is produced. Only a small percentage of South Africans are graduates of universities
or technology institutes, and these graduates are not representative of the diversity of the South African population. As
a result there is a shortage of skills to address the country’s reconstruction and developmental needs. This places a burden
on higher education institutions to expand access to their programmes, and to ensure that their programmes are relevant to
the developmental context. Policy makers have found in the Gibbons [Gibbons, M., et al. (1994). The New Production of Knowledge. The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies. London Sage Publishers] thesis on ‘Mode 2 knowledge production’ a rationale for the transformation of higher education through
the inclusion of practices which are less abstract, less discipline bound and closer to those processes which characterise
the diversity and distribution of knowledge production in the wider society. Nowotny et al. [Nowtony et al. (2001). Re-thinking Science. Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity Press.] have taken Gibbons’ thesis further and have described society itself as becoming increasingly
‘Mode 2’. In a Mode 2 society, differentiation is replaced with integration, and networks of knowledge producers conduct their
work in transdisciplinary teams across widely distributed sites. Such ‘transgressivity’ both pushes knowledge production systems
forward and distributes and diffuses knowledge more widely throughout society. In this paper, it is argued that there is a
need for higher education practitioners to engage critically – and constructively – with the knowledge bases of policy directives
to ensure that the new teaching and learning processes and systems adequately prepare students for the complexity and diversity
of South African society, and enable them to contribute meaningfully to its reconstruction and development. 相似文献
2.
Mattias Lundin 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2007,16(5):369-377
This article sets out to examine how school science activities can encourage students’ participation while supporting a specific
science content. One ordinary class with 12-year-old students was chosen and their regular classroom work was studied without
intervention and with a minimum of interference. Lessons were video filmed, transcribed and analyzed focussing on the participants’
speech acts. It was found that students’ initiatives and experiences were important parts of their participation. The results
show how students’ participation was orchestrated with a science content by means of four different kinds of activities. The
activities are called ‘individual inventory of experiences’, ‘building a common platform of experiences’, ‘sharing new experiences’
and ‘concluding a common platform’. The activities form a foundation for participation in human biology topics. For example,
to ‘build a common platform of experiences’ seems to level out students’ different prerequisites for participating in subsequent
tasks. Furthermore, to ‘conclude a common platform’ implied a checkpoint of the shared new experiences. The activities support
students’ tentative use of scientific words as well as their learning of what counts as knowledge in the school science setting.
However, it can be questioned if the time spent on each separate activity is necessary or if similar achievements could be
made even if some activities were integrated. The question is open for further research.
相似文献
| Mattias LundinEmail: |
3.
An Instrument for Assessing Students' Mental State and the Learning Environment in Science Education
The purpose of this research was to develop and validate a new instrument, the Mental State in Learning Environment Questionnaire (MSLEQ), to assess student's mental state in a given learning environment. The MSLEQ has high internal consistency reliability
values between 0.70–0.92 as well as good construct validity and predictive validity. After conducting a factor analysis, four
main factors were extracted and were described as ‘emotion’, ‘intention’, ‘internal mental representation’ and ‘external mental
representation’. The important feature of this study is the construction of an economical questionnaire on the mental state
in a given learning environment. The questionnaire yielded important information that can be concretely applied to science
teaching and learning. 相似文献
4.
Todd Campbell Shaing Kwei Wang Hui-Yin Hsu Aaron M. Duffy Paul G. Wolf 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2010,19(5):505-511
This position paper proposes the enhancement of teacher and student learning in science classrooms by tapping the enormous
potential of information communication and technologies (ICTs) as cognitive tools for engaging students in scientific inquiry.
This paper serves to challenge teacher-held assumptions about students learning science ‘from technology’ with a framework
and examples of students learning science ‘with technology’. Whereas a high percentage of students are finding their way in
using ICTs outside of school, for the most part they currently are not doing so inside of school in ways that they find meaningful
and relevant to their lives. Instead, the pedagogical approaches that are most often experienced are out-of-step with how
students use ICTs outside of schools and are not supportive of learning framed by constructivism. Here we describe a theoretical
and pedagogical foundation for better connecting the two worlds of students’ lives: life in school and life outside of school.
This position paper is in response to the changing landscape of students’ lives. The position is transformative in nature
because it proposes the use of cyber-enabled resources for cultivating and leveraging students new literacy skills by learning
‘with technology’ to enhance science learning. 相似文献
5.
Labour perspectives on the new politics of skill and competency formation: International reflections
Peter Sawchuk 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2008,9(1):50-62
Skill/competency approaches to workplace-based policy seek to assess and train for discrete individual competencies with the
goal of increasing employability and productivity. These approaches have become increasingly prominent across a range of advanced
capitalist countries. A substantial critique has emerged over this same period regarding issues of instrumentality and social
control, as well as the failure of skill/compentancy approaches to articulate a meaningful understanding of human learning
capacities. In this article, these critical perspectives are clarified further by a review of contributions to understanding
the skill/competence question emerging from sociology of work literature. Building from these critiques, this article outlines
recent experiences with and perspectives on skill/competency frameworks amongst different national labour movements. Included
in this outline is a more detailed, comparative analysis of Norway and Canada; here we see the lofty ‘new’, ‘knowledge economy’
rhetoric — in two countries where one might expect to see it blossom in application — brought down to earth by the realities
of industrial relations, employer intransigence and intra-labour movement differences. ‘Skill/competence’ proves to be a floating
signifier that, amongst both employers and labour, stands as a proxy for ‘power/control’ struggles. Degenerating in this way,
from a labour perspective, the new politics of skill/competency formation is seen to have spiraled toward irrelevance in Norway
and Canada; awaiting, in both countries, a re-invigoration through attention to changes in the participatory structure of
the labour process itself. 相似文献
6.
Soonghee Han 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2001,2(2):85-95
This paper investigates the formation and establishment of lifelong learning support systems in six Asian countries, including
Korea, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong(SAR), Thailand, and the Philippines. The countries included in this research are quite
diverse and unique in their basic characteristics. Despite the divergent values, systems, and social roles, since the 1990s,
the basic ideas and trends have been toward a somewhat integrated model in which each component of the system was geared to
function for serving the global knowledge economy. In this paper, the process of recent lifelong learning system development
in the selected six Asian countries was traced in two ways: global aspects and local peculiarity. I argued in this paper that
the cases in Asia mostly follows the ‘global trends’, especially with the ‘business mind’ of global capitalism. I also suggest
that Asian experiences can provide several distinctive characteristics rarely observed elsewhere: new role in mitigating diploma-disease,
building centralized supporting system between central and local governments, the impact of colonial legacy, unbalance between
HRD and humane-orientations, and preservation of the emphasis of adult basic education. 相似文献
7.
Perry den Brok Sibel Telli Jale Cakiroglu Ruurd Taconis Ceren Tekkaya 《Learning Environments Research》2010,13(3):187-204
The purposes of this study were to examine how Turkish students perceived their biology classroom environment, how their perceptions
compared to those of students in other countries, and what classroom learning environment profiles could be discerned in Turkish
high school biology classrooms. Data were gathered from 1,474 high school students in four inner city schools, in Bursa, Turkey.
A total of 11 biology teachers participated in the study with 52 of their classes. Data on students’ perceptions of their
learning environment were collected with the What Is Happening In this Class? (WIHIC) questionnaire. Results indicated that
Turkish classrooms were perceived as being low in terms of Teacher Support and high in terms of Task Orientation. Six distinct
classroom learning environment profiles were found: the ‘self-directed learning classroom’, ‘task-oriented cooperative learning
classroom’, ‘mainstream classroom’, ‘task-oriented individualised classroom’, ‘low-effective learning classroom’ and ‘high-effective
learning classroom’. The most common profile was the ‘mainstream classroom’ for which all WIHIC scales had medium–high scores. 相似文献
8.
Anna Chronaki 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2005,20(1):61-74
The present study explores the experience of two young Gypsy girls in solving school arithmetic tasks in interaction with
an adult who supports their participation. Along with learning the use of arithmetic tools, a basic element concerning the
experience of the two girls as they try to gain entry into the school practice is learning about developing relevant ‘learning
identities’. Analysis of the girls’ interaction with an adult identifies that the type of ‘learning identities’ required involve
at least two dimensions: (a) learning to value the use of formal arithmetic tools, and (b) learning about relevant ways of
behaving in the school mathematics practice. 相似文献
9.
The importance of students' learning to learn competence for academic achievement, as well as their well-being at school and in life, is increasingly emphasised by educators and policy makers in national curricula and educational strategies. In an uncertain and complex world, learners need to become autonomous, be able to analyse challenges and apply knowledge in different contexts, address complex tasks, and create new knowledge. This article explores concepts and approaches to the development of students' learning to learn competence in the context of education in Estonia. First, the conceptualisation, model and dimensions of learning to learn competence are described and related challenges for teachers are analysed. Second, an overview of Estonian teachers' current practices, beliefs, knowledge, skills and occupational standards relevant to students' learning to learn competence is provided. We discuss how Estonian teacher education policy may enhance or inhibit the work of teachers when supporting students to develop learning to learn competence. Future directions for teacher educators and how to prepare teachers to support the development of students' learning to learn competence are suggested. 相似文献
10.
Components of Conceptual Ecologies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hyun Ju Park 《Research in Science Education》2007,37(2):217-237
The theory of conceptual change is criticized because it focuses only on supposed underlying logical structures and rational
process processes, and lacks attention to affective aspects as well as motivational constructs in students’ learning science.
This is a vast underestimation of the complexity and diversity of one’s change of conceptions. The notion of conceptual ecology
provides a context for understanding individuals’ conceptual change learning, as it is the environment through which all information
is interpreted. This research investigated how high school students’ statements, made in answering questions, reflect selected
components of their conceptual ecologies. Data for this study was collected from six interviews in which seven students took
part. The data also include the science teacher’s profiles of each student, the students’ personal journals, their assignments,
and their examinations and answers in class. The analysis presented will here include only those components that were represented
in the discourse of the seven high school students who were interviewed. When students were asked questions, there was evidence
of the engagement of the various components of conceptual ecologies. These components include: epistemological commitments,
metaphysical beliefs, the affective domain and emotional aspects, the nature of knowledge, the nature of learning, the nature
of conceptions, and past experience. Evidence from this study suggests that these components might function as constraints
to learning. This study contributes to the field by expanding our knowledge of the components of high school students’ conceptual
ecologies through its definition of the categories and themes associated with those components. In examining across the range
of components, the study illustrates the variety and sources of science conceptions within high school students’ conceptual
ecologies. 相似文献
11.
Bev Rogers 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2003,30(2):65-87
Educational research has been criticised by governments and practitioners. For some politicians and policy makers, there is
a tendency to look for direct links between research and successful, effective and efficient practice. Research is needed
to inform their evidence-based practice as policy makers, and to provide the kind of research teachers need to base their
practice on the best available evidence for doing ‘x rather than y’ (Hargreaves 1996) or predicting the ‘size of the effect
of A on B’ (Blunkett 2000). There is no doubt that both teachers and policy makers do make decisions on a daily basis based
on some form of evidence. This paper explores Hargreaves’ notion of evidence-based practice, providing a range of criticisms.
It also examines Carr’s historical account of ‘praxis’ and ‘poiesis’ to suggest a notion of evidence-based praxis based partly
on the historical notion of ‘phronesis’ — practical wisdom. The basis for this is the argument that wise and practical ethical
and moral judgements are central to an understanding of teachers’ daily work. What to do in a specific educational situation
cannot be determined solely by theoretical beliefs or by ‘techne’. However the ethical dimension is not the only consideration.
The paper suggests that evidence-based praxis use Stenhouse’s notion of ‘actionable evidence’, which includes the ethical
dimension, but also Thomson’s concept of ‘thisness’, which describes the unique contextual characteristics of a school. If
disadvantaged schools can make some sort of difference to learning opportunities for students, it is argued that teachers
might engage in evidence-based praxis which involves them in reflecting on, and theorising what is happening in classrooms,
schools and neighbourhoods. This ‘praxis’ also involves them in modifying their theories, critically analysing ‘what works’,
questioning how they know and developing ideas about how things might be done differently. There will be an element of developing
knowledge about teaching and learning strategies (Hargreaves’ ‘body of knowledge’), but it will be in the context of the ethical
and moral dilemmas associated with education. It will take up the question of local differences as well as a realistic approach
to what constitutes actual school improvement. Evidence-based praxis is also essentially a collective activity not an individual
approach. Future development of the notion of evidence-based praxis might also include involving students in a more reciprocal
and open learning process like that highlighted by researchers who focus on student participation linked to school reform. 相似文献
12.
This study attempts to examine Confucius’ ideas about learning and seeks also to elucidate notions of lifelong learning. The
examination will be focused on Confucius’ ideas concerning learning as revealed in the Analects. Confucius’ notion of learning
offers an alternative perspective to overcome the idea of competition-directed lifelong learning. According to Confucius,
learners should be oriented to learn for the sake of the “self” not “others.” Confucius’ notion of “self-realizing” learning
holds that the self, being a part of interdependent relationships with others in society, attempts to utilize reflective learning
to realize a unity of self and the society. However, if learners are oriented to learn ‘for the sake of others, ’ their learning
efforts are rooted in selfishness-based competition, which threatens the interdependent nature of the human world. Confucius’
perspective of learning makes it clear that learning should be directed toward attaining a unity of self and the world. This
unity is possible when a learner makes the effort of will to sincerely learn for the sake of the self and learns to attain
an insightful understanding about interdependent life. 相似文献
13.
This study investigates the mechanisms of scaffolding in a synchronous network-based environment – the ‘collaborative virtual
workplace’. A theoretical ‘multi-actor’ scaffolding model was formulated. The study itself focused on the role and inter-relations
of verbal scaffolding by tutor and peers during a collaborative process of making decisions about environmental issues. The analysis drew on data from the decision-making
discussions of 31 groups – material that was saved automatically by the learning environment software. The age of the 62 students
ranged from 14 to 17. Discourse act categories were devised to describe the tutor’s and the students’ task-related, supportive
and social communicative acts. The scaffolding situation was characterized through a causal discourse act interaction approach.
Tutor and students appeared to be elaborating and replacing each other’s process scaffolding acts in the collaborative decision-making
situation. The influence of certain tutor’s and students’ inter-related scaffolding patterns on students’ decision-making
provided empirical support for the ‘multi-actor’ scaffolding model.
in final form: 12 May 2005 相似文献
14.
Markku Kankkunen 《Learning Environments Research》2001,4(3):287-324
This article grapples with the problem of how to track a student's real progress in learning, which cannot be absolutely quantified
at any given point as a result of a particular intervention. Results are presented for a long-term qualitative and quantitative
classroom study, during which the method of concept mapping was applied and interpreted in light of the semiotic paradigm
developed by Charles Sanders Peirce (1931–1958). Peirce's semiotic paradigm was thought to have sufficient intellectual rigour
and flexibility to give new access to the multiplicity of processes at work in the learning environment.
A natural learning environment was built over a four-year period in a Finnish primary school. The students, ranging in age
from 9–12 years, were encouraged to use qualitative judgement (intuition, tacit knowledge) to give them greater intellectual
access to the meanings of the concepts taught. The goal was to bring them to Vygotsky's stage of ‘conceptual learning’, and
to evaluate the effectiveness of concept mapping as an ‘advance organiser’ used in conjunction with Peirce's semiotic paradigm.
This article evaluates the success of concept mapping in constructing a conceptually-meaningful learning environment. The
qualitative results - and certain quantitative evidence - show that concept mapping provided a means for students to discover
tentative meanings for the concepts taught. In parallel, Peirce's semiotic paradigm provided a pragmatic framework for tracking
the process of ‘updating meanings’ which is intrinsic to learning.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
This paper shows how the patterns of variation created in the teaching were critical in helping a class of Primary 3 students
in Hong Kong to learn about the colour of light, so that the students attained conceptual rather than procedural knowledge.
A ‘Learning Study’ approach was adopted, which is a Lesson Study grounded in a particular learning theory to improve teaching
and learning. This study, based on the learning theory of Variation advanced by Marton and Booth, was premised on three types
of variation: variation in students’ ways of experiencing what is to be taught/learnt (V1), variation in teachers’ ways of
dealing with the ‘object of learning’ (V2), and the use of ‘pattern of variation’ as a guiding principle of pedagogical design
to enhance students’ learning (V3). In planning the lesson, a conscious effort was made to create relevant patterns of variation,
i.e. varying certain critical aspect(s) while keeping other aspects of the object of learning invariant in order to help students
to discern those aspects. Comparison between the results of the pre- and post-test shows that there was significant gain in
the students’ learning outcomes with respect to the intended object of learning. The findings contribute knowledge to how
the Theory of Variation can be used in practice. It also illustrates how teachers can make use of this theoretical framework
to analyze their own teaching and thereby, develop an analytical awareness of teaching and learning. 相似文献
16.
This paper explores the concept of apprenticeship in the context of the professional formation of knowledge workers. It draws
on evidence from research conducted in two knowledge intensive organizations: a research-intensive, elite university; and
a ‘cutting edge’ software engineering company. In the former, we investigated the learning environments of contract researchers,
whilst in the latter, we focused on the learning environments of software engineers. Both organisations have ‘global’ reach
in that they operate within international marketplaces and see themselves as international players. The paper asks to what
extent the important role of maturation with regard to the formation of expertise is being undermined by the pressurised nature
of contemporary workplaces (in both the public and private sectors). It argues that conceiving the professional formation
of knowledge workers as apprenticeship provides a way forward to improve the way employers construct and support that formation. 相似文献
17.
Uwe Gellert 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》1998,37(1):23-43
This article reports on a study that investigated prospective elementary teachers' knowledge and convictions regarding content,
pedagogy, and pupil needs as well as on their rationales for the teaching of mathematics. Data collected through journals
is qualitatively analysed and interpreted to understand common views on ‘ideal’ mathematics classes. The findings are used
as a basis for a broader sociological discussion of the school's role in a changing environment. Participants in this study
tend to value mathematics classes mainly in terms of the degree of pupil enjoyment. Consequently, they comprehend the teacher's
role as beyond instruction: the teacher as an entertainer. This is discussed by confronting the two conceptions of school
as a locus for serious learning, and of school as a ‘playhouse’.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Vanithamani Saravanan 《Educational Research for Policy and Practice》2005,4(2-3):97-113
‘Thinking schools’ will be sites of learning for everyone declared the Singapore Prime Minister, Goh Chok and Minister of
Education Teo Chee Hean’s in 1997 also spoke on the model of’ ‘thinking schools, learning nation’. Gardner’s model was used
for the thinking school model in Singapore, in order to develop critical and creative thinking in students. This was to be
done with the use of instructional technology as an enabling tool using a diversity of approaches including integrated project
work. This paper reports on how one school went about changing approaches to teaching and learning by implementing integrated
project work as a way of integrating the content areas of the curriculum, mathematics and science through English language,
supported by the tools of instructional technology. 相似文献
19.
In an era of rapid global economic and social change, educational institutions like schools and universities are struggling
to keep their curricula and programs relevant. Singapore’s schools are no exception, especially when education is viewed as
the essential element for maintaining the nation’s global competitiveness in ways that are totally disproportionate to its
size. The current shift from an ‘efficiency-’ to an ‘ability-’ driven paradigm in education, however, is increasing uncertainty
and raising the stakes in an already pressurized system where schools, educators and students constantly compete for top academic
awards and rewards. The concept of “partnership” in Singapore education is a significant, relatively new, trend that has caught
on among local schools only since the late-1990s, with the focus on creating better “total” learning environments for students.
This paper analyses the challenges of matching rhetoric with professional practice with regard to school–home partnerships
in Singapore, and concludes that the key to authentic collaboration lies in the mutual appreciation and valuing of diversity
as well as a deep sense of shared responsibility by all parties concerned. 相似文献
20.
The ‘Green Classroom’ in the Botanical Garden of Ulm is an experiential learning forum outside school. Its educational concept
is based on experimental learning and is geared towards expanding biological knowledge and developing positive attitudes towards
small animals such as invertebrates and insects. The attitudes of 68 school students towards small animals, before and after
they visited the ‘Green Classroom’, were assessed and the answers they gave in their questionnaires were compared with those
of 60 students froma control group that was not yet exposed to this learning environment. Although the students spent only
one morning in the ‘Green Classroom’, some of their attitudes towards small animals improved after their visit. These studies
underscore the necessity for direct observation and familiarization of the environment including small animals such as invertebrates
and insects for appreciating issues related to biodiversity and conservation. 相似文献