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1.
As current procedures for teacher assessment are often based on non-standardized, qualitative information derived from multiple sources, the overall validity of the assessment depends heavily on the judgement processes of the assessors. Because it is of great importance for assessors to be aware of their own judgement processes and of the possible threats to validity in these processes, investigating assessors’ perceptions is of vital significance. In the present study, the perceptions of 22 assessors who judged a student teacher pair-wise using a specific assessment procedure were explored using semi-structured interviews. A qualitative analysis of the individual assessors’ perceptions with regard to the essential judgement processes of consideration of evidence and combination of evidence to attain an overall judgement resulted in an overview of successful strategies and threats underlying a valid assessment process. General implications for ensuring the validity of the assessment process and the preparation of assessors are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Adrienne Alton-Lee Christine Rietveld Lena Klenner Ngaio Dalton Cathy Diggins Shane Town 《International Journal of Inclusive Education》2013,17(3):179-210
This paper provides an account of a teacher's use of theory as a tool to develop inclusive practice through a social studies programme in a new entrant class. The account illustrates the ways in which the teacher drew on research to assist in the facilitation of an inclusive educational environment. Presented are research case studies the teacher encountered in an in-service teacher education programme, and the ‘social constructionist’ and ‘personal tragedy’ models that were used as theoretical tools to assist the teacher's planning and teaching practice. Mounted cameras, broadcast microphones and pre- and post-unit interviews with the teacher and students were used to explore the lived culture of the classroom, and the nature and effectiveness of the strategies the teacher used. An ‘interrupted narrative’ methodology engages the reader in the interplay between research and theory in the research case studies. Four major strategies used by the teacher have been identified and these are presented as theoretical tools for other teachers and teacher educators to use, critique and develop to support inclusive practice in their own contexts. 相似文献
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LI Q M 《天津大学学报(英文版)》2006,12(Z1)
In order to ensure the highest safety requirements, nuclear power plant structures (the containment structures, the fuel storages and transportation systems) should be assessed against all possible internal and external impact threats. The internal impact threats include kinetic missiles generated by the failure of high pressure vessels and pipes, the failure of high speed rotating machineries and accidental drops. The external impact threats may come from airborne missiles, aircraft impact, explosion blast and fragments. The impact effects of these threats on concrete and steel structures in a nuclear power plant are discussed. Methods and procedures for the impact assessment of nuclear power plants are introduced. Recent studies on penetration and perforation mechanics as well as progresses on dynamic properties of concrete-like materials are presented to increase the understanding of the impact effects on concrete containment structures. 相似文献
5.
As a form of teacher leadership, class teacher (banzhuren) leadership has not received sufficient attention in academia. In order to delineate the paths and practices of the class teacher in exercising leadership for improving student learning, this study applies the multiple case studies approach along with in-depth interviews so as to understand this phenomenon thoroughly. The findings suggest that moral management, routine management, collaboration with subject teachers and parents, facilitation of collaboration among students and other leadership strategies can effectively contribute to student learning in these schools. The theoretical and practical implication of this study is also discussed to facilitate research in this regard. 相似文献
6.
This study is concerned with the challenge of understanding what factors may influence students’ higher level knowledge construction.
We defined higher level knowledge construction occurrences as the sum of the number of phases II to V measured using Gunawardena
et al.’s (J Educ Comput Res 17(4):397–431, 1997) interaction analysis model. This paper is organized into two studies. In the first study, we examined the relationship between
the frequency of higher level knowledge construction occurrences and group size, as well as the duration of the online discussion.
Data were collected through online observations of 40 discussion forums. We found a significant positive relationship between
group size and the frequency of higher level knowledge construction occurrences. However, there was no correlation between
the duration of the online discussion and the frequency of such occurrences. In the second study, we examined the types of
student facilitation techniques used. A further analysis of the data was conducted—of the 40 forums, 14 forums with higher
incident rate of higher level knowledge construction occurrences were identified. Fourteen less frequent forums were then
randomly chosen from the remaining forums. We found significant differences in the frequency of four student facilitation techniques
employed between the more frequent group and the less frequent one. The results of this study suggest that using these four
techniques more frequently may promote knowledge construction in asynchronous online discussions. 相似文献
7.
Juanita Johnson‐Bailey Ronald M. Cervero 《International Journal of Lifelong Education》2013,32(6):389-399
The purpose of this research was to determine the ways in which power relations that exist in the wider social context are played out in the teaching and learning dynamics of adult education classrooms. The research design was a qualitative comparative case study of two courses taught by the authors in a university setting. Data sources included students’ evaluations, teachers’ observations, interviews with students, interviews with both teachers, and conversations with similarly situated faculty members. The themes of mastery, voice, authority and positionality found in previous research were used to organize the results. The results showed the many complex ways in which power relations based on race, class, gender, disability and sexual orientation played out across all four themes and how these dynamics directly influenced the teaching and learning process. The positionality of the teachers and learners, in particular the racial category of whiteness, emerged as a key power relationship mediating classroom dynamics. We suggest that the facilitation model of teaching does not account well for these dynamics and that further efforts are needed to better understand how societal power relations affect teaching and learning efforts and what responses adult educators can make to negotiate these issues. 相似文献
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Mara Zapata 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2013,8(4):777-801
This qualitative, sociocultural study examines how teacher preparation programs may have deliberate impact on science reform by unearthing the complex layers of diversity inherent in the contextual reality of education. This study was conducted in one of the largest school districts in the Southeastern United States, serving a predominately Hispanic population comprising 65 % of its student body, followed by African Americans at 24 %. The representative subjects utilized for this study were elementary education undergraduate students and later a percentage of the same subjects, as practicing teachers in the field. All subjects were exposed to inquiry based methodology in science teaching as part of their undergraduate studies with emphasis on the learning cycle, facilitation of student voice and exposure to the nature of science. The goal of science education was emphasized to students as purposeful in promoting scientific literacy. This study is framed by sociocultural theory grounded in a social constructivist paradigm with the understanding that science learning takes place within social and collaborative processes leading to internalization and greater sense of self-efficacy. The study examines the perception of education students’ beliefs about scientists as well as reflections on their own learning of science as elementary students themselves. As present practicing teachers, perspectives from their position in the field were obtained via interviews. Interviews served to elicit reflections on present practice as related to previous perceptions, in order to analyze whether these were pervasive in framing practice as well as self-perceptions related to science. A lack of change of these perceptions may underscore the importance of an emphasis on issues of gender, culture and social factors within teacher preparation, specific to science teaching and learning. Cognizance of such factors are believed to support internalization and hence greater understanding of the complexities framing science teaching and learning, leading to an actual paradigm shift in our elementary science classrooms. 相似文献
10.
As a form of teacher leadership, class teacher (banzhuren) leadership has not received sufficient attention in academia. In order to delineate the paths and practices of the class teacher in exercising leadership for improving student learning, this study applies the multiple case studies approach along with in-depth interviews so as to understand this phenomenon thoroughly. The findings suggest that moral management, routine management, collaboration with subject teachers and parents, facilitation of collaboration among students and other leadership strategies can effectively contribute to student learning in these schools. The theoretical and practical implication of this study is also discussed to facilitate research in this regard. 相似文献
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One-to-one (1X1) laptop initiatives become prevalent in schools aiming to enhance active learning and assist students in developing twenty-first-century skills. This paper reports a qualitative investigation of all 7th graders and their 15 teachers in a junior high-school in Northern Israel gradually implementing 1X1 model. The research was conducted during a second year of 1X1 implementation at the school level, which was a first year of teaching and learning with laptops for all study participants. The study triangulates non-participant lessons’ observations and semi-structured interviews with 15 teachers. The data were collected twice: at the beginning and toward the end of the 2011–2012 academic year – in total, 30 observations and 30 interviews were conducted. The results were examined through phenomenological research techniques and discussed in terms of the technological, pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) and “digital wisdom” approaches. The teachers showed significant increase of technological knowledge. However, only moderate connections between technology and pedagogy as well as between technology and content were found. Some of the teachers functioned as moderators, scaffolding students and supporting their individual or collaborative learning. However, many teachers struggled with effective management of 1X1 classroom. Neither conjunction of teacher TPACK nor facilitation of student digital skills was observed. The paper suggests an overlap of the TPACK framework and the digital wisdom approach and provides implications for curriculum developers and educational policy-makers. 相似文献
13.
Terry J. Crooks Michael T. Kane Allan S. Cohen 《Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice》1996,3(3):265-286
Validity is the most important quality of an assessment, but its evaluation is often neglected. The step‐by‐step approach suggested here provides structured guidance to validators of educational assessments. Assessment is depicted as a chain of eight linked stages: administration, scoring, aggregation, generalization, extrapolation, evaluation, decision and impact. Evaluating validity requires careful consideration of threats to validity associated with each link. Several threats are described and exemplified for each link. These sets of threats are intended to be illustrative rather than comprehensive. The chain model suggests that validity is limited by the weakest link, and that efforts to make other links particularly strong may be wasteful or even harmful. The chain model and list of threats is also shown to be valuable when planning assessments. 相似文献
14.
席一 《重庆第二师范学院学报》2010,23(3):76-79
重庆拥有丰饶而独特的生态旅游资源,开展森林生态旅游的是解决重庆林区经济发展的良好切入点。经过多年的发展,重庆森林生态旅游已初具规模,同时也带来了一定的负面效益如粗放式发展、经营管理不善、环境污染等问题。本文将SWOT分析方法运用于重庆发展森林生态旅游,分析其所面临的优势、劣势、机遇和威胁,提出了重庆森林生态旅游可持续发展的相应对策,以期化劣势为优势,化威胁为机遇。 相似文献
15.
In this article we analyze a project that used facilitation techniques, which are known from training in industry, to improve the study environment at a public research university in Denmark. In 2009, the project was initiated in one graduate program; and it has subsequently been modified and institutionalized. The project did not change the teaching format, but introduced facilitated study-groups using peer learning. It was successful in increasing students’ well-being. While peer learning and study groups are well-known in higher education, facilitation is a different and novel tool. We argue that facilitation makes study groups more inclusive, and they provide the potential for deep learning by structuring the learning situation. 相似文献
16.
Inga Arffman 《Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research》2016,60(6):609-625
Open-ended (OE) items are widely used to gather data on student performance in international achievement studies. However, several factors may threaten validity when using such items. This study examined Finnish coders’ opinions about threats to validity when coding responses to OE items in the PISA 2012 problem-solving test. A total of 6 discussions during 6 coder practice sessions (on 6 OE items) and an interview between 5 coders were audiorecorded and analyzed by means of content analysis, and 3 main threats to validity were found: (1) unclear and complex questions; (2) arbitrary and illogical coding rubrics; and (3) unclear and ambiguous responses. Suggestions are given as to how to respond to these threats in order to improve the validity of international achievement studies. 相似文献
17.
现代竞技篮球所运用的"三威胁"是融体能、技术和谋略为一体的进攻.通过对"三威胁"技术内涵的探讨,丰富和拓展现代篮球理论领域的研究,为提高我国篮球运动员在一对一进攻中的支配球能力提供参考. 相似文献
18.
This study examined how YouTube creates a unique, nonformal cyberspace for Black females to vlog about natural hair. Specifically, we utilized qualitative video data analysis techniques to understand how using YouTube as a facilitation tool has the ability to collectively capture and maintain an audience of more than a million adult learners. After analyzing 30 videos, 4 themes emerged reflective of how using the technology of video assists these nonformal adult educators with regard to: (a) Demystifying Black Natural Hair Myths, (b) Digital Storytelling as an Educational Tool, (c) The Use of Humor, Honesty, and Humility While Facilitating Adults, and (d) The Natural Hair Thing Extends Beyond Cultural Differences. Lastly, we offer implications for future research with regard to the availability and credibility of YouTube as a data source and alternative qualitative video data analysis techniques. 相似文献
19.
Phillip Dawson 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2014,45(3):428-437
When educational research is conducted online, we sometimes promise our participants that they will be anonymous—but do we deliver on this promise? We have been warned since 1996 to be careful when using direct quotes in Internet research, as full‐text web search engines make it easy to find chunks of text online. This paper details an empirical study into the prevalence of direct quotes from participants in a subset of the educational technology literature. Using basic web search techniques, the source of direct quotes could be found in 10 of 112 articles. Analysis of the articles revealed previously undiscussed threats from data triangulation and expert analysis/diagnosis. Issues of ethical obliviousness, obscurity and concern for future privacy‐invasive technologies are also discussed. Recommendations for researchers, journals and institutional ethics review boards are made for how to better protect participants' anonymity against current and future threats. 相似文献
20.
This study involved a workshop designed to support biology teachers in conducting birdwatching activities with their students and to promote place-based environmental education in Turkey. The instruments for collecting data were a workshop questionnaire and interviews. The findings revealed that initial response to the workshop was positive; participating teachers reported that the resources and strategies motivated them to conduct bird studies with students. They identified barriers and noted that the place-based education approach might help overcome many of these barriers. After the workshop, it became clear that participants’ initial intentions to integrate birdwatching into their lessons were challenged by lack of confidence and time. To gain deeper insights into the outcomes of the project, the project coordinator used action research strategies to reflect on her practice and reveal implications for her continued efforts to promote bird and environmental education. She kept a journal, used reiterative reflection, and content analysis to analyse workshop evaluations and interviews. The coordinator recognized potentials and challenges for facilitating birdwatching and environmental education as part of her teaching career. This study shares some of her efforts to provide ongoing support and emphasizes that facilitation of environmental education needs time, commitment, and passion. 相似文献