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1.
在乙酸乙酯皂化动力学实验中，配制准确浓度的乙酸乙酯溶液和氢氧化钠溶液是测定该反应准确速度常数和活化能的基础。本文介绍了用化学分析法配制相同浓度的乙酸乙酯溶液和氢氧化钠溶液的原理、方法及应用，提出化学分析法是准确配制相同浓度乙酸乙酯溶液和氢氧化钠溶液的较好方法。 相似文献
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过氧化钠是中学化学中的重要物质．为了说明过氧化钠的性质,教材中给出了它与水的反应,然而教学中却出现这样情况：为证明过氧化钠与水反应的生成产物,在反应后的溶液中加入酚酞,溶液变红,证明有氢氧化钠生成,可在一段时间过后,发现溶液颜色褪去．而教材给出的是过氧化钠与水反应生成产物是氢氧化钠和水,如果反应只生成氢氧化钠和水,实验过程中是不会出现溶液颜色褪去这一现象的． 相似文献
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曹建波 《中学化学教学参考》2023,(30):35-38
化学实验是化学教学的灵魂,化学实验对化学学科核心素养的发展起着重要的作用。引导学生通过实验探究二氧化碳与氢氧化钠溶液是否发生反应,帮助学生建立证明无明显现象反应发生的思维模型。以问题驱动学生的学习活动,在问题解决中培养学生化学学科核心素养,发挥实验的教学功能。 相似文献
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例1 中和反应在日常生活和工农业生产中有广泛的应用,某化学兴趣小组的同学在老师的指导下对酸碱中和反应进行了探究.提出问题能否用碳酸钾溶液验证硫酸与氢氧化钠溶液发生中和反应.实验药品稀硫酸、稀氢氧化钠溶液、碳酸钾溶液.实验仪器试管、滴管、10mL 量筒等.设计方案并实验 相似文献
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铁与硫反应实验尽管现象明显,但其副产物二氧化硫对环境污染严重。对铁与硫反应作了实验探究。用吸滤瓶和燃烧匙作反应容器,用大功率蓝色激光笔照射燃烧匙内火柴头粉末引发铁粉与硫粉的混合物发生反应,用氢氧化钠溶液吸收副产物二氧化硫,以及支管上的气球自动调节反应器内压强等,巧妙构建了一个全封闭的实验体系,将一个污染严重的实验变成了环保型实验。 相似文献
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唐璐 《初中生学习指导(初三版)》2023,(6):54-55
<正>中和反应的探究实验是初中化学重要的探究内容之一,是酸碱盐知识体系中的重要纽带,同时在生产生活中也有广泛应用。下面将该实验常考查的类型题归纳如下。题型1：酸碱指示剂的选择例1某化学兴趣小组的同学在做中和反应实验时,将稀盐酸滴加到盛有氢氧化钠溶液的试管中,没有观察到明显现象（氢氧化钠未变质）,小组同学对氢氧化钠溶液与稀盐酸是否发生了化学反应产生了兴趣,他们做了如下实验。 相似文献
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传统的"铁与硫反应实验"方法生成的副产物二氧化硫气体污染环境.为此新设计的实验方案利用透明玻璃瓶、微型吸气泵、石棉网、灌肠注射器、橡胶塞等器材制成吸气钟罩;利用激光笔光束照射吸气钟罩内的火柴头粉末,引发铁与硫的反应;反应过程中产生的二氧化硫气体被蘸有氢氧化钠溶液的脱脂棉吸收,避免了空气污染. 相似文献
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１ 问题的提出高一新教材“学生实验一”中,安排了由硫酸铜晶体制取氧化铜,然后用氧化铜代替二氧化猛作催化剂用于氯酸钾制取氧气的反应,以期达到对学生化学实验基本操作、基本技能的训练。学生做实验时,出现了以下几个问题：ａ．滴加饱和氢氧化钠溶液时,对其用量把握不准。一则氢氧化钠用量不足,硫酸铜未完全沉淀,有剩余;二则氢氧化钠过量,使生成的氢氧化铜与过量的氢氧化钠反应生成溶于水的四羟基铜酸钠Ｃｕ（ＯＨ）２＋２ＮａＯＨ＝Ｎａ２［Ｃｕ（ＯＨ）４］以至过滤后滤液呈现蓝色。ｂ．硫酸铜溶液加入氢氧化钠溶液生成的氢氧… 相似文献
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探讨了超声波紫外线联合降解水中有机物的反应机理，并对反应动力学进行了研究，建立了动力学模型，其动力学方程为（-rA）=0．0252CA，动力学参数为：Ea=15kJ／mol，k0=0．095；采用不同实际体系的实验数据对动力学模型进行了验证，动力学模型的计算数据与实验数据能够较好的吻合。 相似文献
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Chemical absorption of CO2 into aqueous slurries of Ca(OH)2 was studied in a stirred thermostatic reactor. The influence of solid loading and stirring speed on absorption rate were investigated experimentally, and the results show that the enhancement factor increases with particle content due to the increase of reactive particles in the gas-liquid interfacial region. The absorption process was controlled by the diffusion of gas molecules in slurry. The influence of stirring intensity on enhancement factor is an integration of gas-liquid and liquid-solid mass transfer variation. A novel prediction model of enhancement factors was proposed with the partition of interface into two various zones, and the prediction values by the presented model are in agreement with the experimental data. 相似文献
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Chang Liu Hong Zhao Wei-ying Yang Kun-zan Qiu Jian-guo Yang Zi-wen Geng Wei-ming Teng Wei-zhong Yuan Xi-jiong Chen 《浙江大学学报(A卷英文版)》2018,19(2):148-157
HCl in coal-fired flue gas has adverse impact on the environment, equipment, and the flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system. The existence of HCl also increases the difficulty of the treatment of desulfurization waste water. Semi-dry dechlorination technology is put forward to attach chlorine to fly ash by spraying in alkaline solution. Simultaneously, desulphurization waste water is used as the solvent of alkali, and this could help realize the target of near-zero emission of desulfurization waste water. CHEMKIN is used to build a chemical kinetics model, which is based on the measured components of flue gas in a coal-fired power plant. NaOH is set as the alkali absorbent in the model. Both the competitive relationship of SO2 and HCl and the effects of different factors on HCl reaction efficiency are analyzed. SO2 with high concentration would compete for more NaOH, but when Na/Cl (ratio in mole) is 1, the reaction efficiency of HCl achieves 22.28%, and it is positively correlated with Na/Cl. When Na/Cl surpasses 5, the reaction efficiency of HCl increases to beyond 70%. As Na/Cl continues to increase, there is a slower growth of HCl reaction efficiency and it finally achieves 100% when Na/Cl reaches 12. With a fixed value of Na/Cl, a change of 1000 mg/m3 in SO2 concentration would change the reaction efficiency of HCl about 13%. The effect of flue temperature on HCl reaction efficiency is not significant. Acid gases in flue gas react with NaOH completely in 0.1 s and come to equilibrium after about 1 s. 相似文献
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To investigate the effects of salt concentration and freeze-thaw （FT） on the first hydration shell of Zn2+ ions in Zn（NO3）2 aqueous solutions, extended X-ray absorption fine structure （EXAFS） spectroscopy was used to examine Zn K-edge EXAFS spectra of Zn（NO3）2 aqueous solutions with various concentrations before and after FT treatment. The influences of salt concentration and freeze-thaw on the structural parameters of the first hydration shell of Zn2+ ions, including hydration number, Zn-O distance and thermal disorder, were analyzed. The results show that Zn2+ ions have 3.2―6.8 nearest oxygen neighbors with the Zn-O distance being 0.202―0.207 nm. In highly concen-trated solutions, Zn2+ ions are hydrated with four water molecules in a tetrahedral form. The dilution of Zn（NO3）2 aqueous solutions increases the number of water molecules in the first hydration shell of Zn2+ ions to six with their octahedral arrangement. Both the hydration number in the first hydration shell of Zn2+ ions and the degree of thermal disorder increase when the FT treatment is operated in Zn（NO3）2 aqueous solutions. 相似文献
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Natural pyrites contain high levels of adsorbed and structurally incorporated arsenic(As),which may simultaneously result in the release of As and affect the oxidation process of pyrite.However,the oxidation and electrochemical behaviors of As on the oxidation reactivity of pyrites are still not clear.In this study,pyrite was prepared by a hydrothermal method and applied to study the oxidation mechanism between pyrite and aqueous arsenate.Analyses of X-ray diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate that the as-prepared sample is an octahedron-like pyrite with high purity and crystallinity.The interaction between As(V)and pyrite as well as the electrochemical behaviors of pyrite oxidation in the presence of aqueous arsenate were investigated under acidic conditions by an ion analysis method,cyclic voltammetry(CV),Tafel,and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).The results of the chemical reaction indicate that electrons are transferred from S _2~(2-)to dissolved oxygen with the formation of SO _4~(2-)in the initial As(V)concentration range of 0–0.3 mmol/L.In the initial As(V)concentration range of 0.4–1.2 mmol/L,electrons are transferred from S _2~(2-)to As(V)with the formation of elemental S ~(0 )and As(III).The CV,the Tafel plot and EIS analyses indicate that aqueous arsenate in an electrolyte promotes oxidation reactivity and passivation of the pyrite electrode.Moreover,the electron transfer rate increases with increasing aqueous arsenate concentration in the electrolyte. 相似文献
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The solubilities of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate in sulfuric acid solutions were measured at temperatures ranging from 278.15 to 338.15 K by using a dynamic method. The concentration of sulfuric acid solution ranged from 0 to 80wt%,. The solubilities of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate increased with temperature, and both of them were the lowest at 70wt %, of sulfuric acid solution(w~0_3 =0.70)while the highest in pure water. The solubility data were correlated by the modified Apelblat equation. Based on the solubility difference between 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate, a new technique in which sodium sulfate was used to replace sodium sulfite in the neutralization reaction was developed. The suitable mole ratio of H_2O to Na_2SO_4 in the neutralization reaction was 80∶1, and that of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate to Na_2SO_4 was 3.2∶1. The material balance under the suitable mole ratios was given and discussed. 相似文献
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In-situ characterization of gas-liquid precipitation reaction in a spray using rainbow refractometry
Xue-cheng Wu Can Li Jian-zheng Cao Yong-xin Zhang Ling-hong Chen Gerard Gréhan Ke-fa Cen 《浙江大学学报(A卷英文版)》2018,19(1):86-94
Gas-liquid precipitation reactions in terms of a spray exist widely in energy, chemical, and environmental engineering. In this paper, a rainbow refractometry-based method is used to measure the reaction process of these spray-based gas-liquid precipitation reactions in a non-intrusive way. Rainbow refractometry can simultaneously provide information on thermochemical and physical properties of droplets. A global rainbow measurement system was built to characterize a CO2 absorption reaction. Rainbow signals of spray droplets of Ca(OH)2 solutions before and after CO2 absorption were recorded and processed. Results indicated that the average refractive index of saturated H2O-Ca(OH)2 solution was 1.335 69, which accorded with the Abbe measurement. After the absorption reaction, the refractive index of droplets decreased to 1.335 17 which is close to that of water. The reaction extent was therefore reflected in the change of the refractive index of droplets. An extra experiment of CO2 absorbed by Ba(OH)2 solutions was conducted. The refractive index of droplets decreased with the reaction process, which acted well as an evolution indicator of the reaction. A heat transfer analysis of the reaction was also carried out. Due to the high heat dissipation performance of fine droplets, the temperature increase in the measurement volume was estimated to be less than 0.61 K, which has almost no effect on the measured results. The rainbow refractometry-based method shows good potential for in-situ characterization of a gas-liquid precipitation reaction. 相似文献
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Non-dispersive solvent extraction (NDSE) with p-xylene as extractant was employed as a novel separation method to recover both p-toluic (PT) acid and water from purified terephthalic acid (PTA) wastewater. The mass transport behavior of PT acid from aqueous solution to p-xylene was investigated by experiments and numerical simulation. Experiments showed that NDSE is feasible and effective. Residual PT acid in the raffinate can be reduced to lower than the permitted limit of wastewater re-use (100 g/m3) with extraction time longer than 60 s in industrial conditions. A mathematical model of PT acid mass transport was developed to optimize the membrane module performance. The model was validated with the experimental results with relative errors of less than 6%. Numerical analysis for mass transfer through the lumen side, the porous membrane layer, and the shell side showed that PT acid transport in the aqueous solution is the rate determining step. The effects of the membrane and operating parameters on membrane module performance were investigated by means of computational simulations. The key parameters suggested for industrial NDSE design are: fiber inner radius r1=200–250 µm, extraction time te=50–60 s, aqueous/organic volumetric ratio a/o=9.0, and temperature T=318 K. 相似文献
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SO4^2- / TiO2-La2O3, a novel solid superacid, was prepared and its catalytic activities at different synthetic conditions are discussed with esterification of n-butanoic acid and n-butyl alcohol as probing reaction. The optimum conditions have also been found, mole ratio of n（La^3＋）：n（Ti^4＋） is 1：34, the soaked consistency of H2SO4 is 0.8 tool/L, the soaked time of HESO4 is 24 h, the calcining temperature is 480 ℃, the calcining time is 3 h. Then it was applied in the catalytic synthesis often important ketals and acetals as catalyst and revealed high catalytic activity. Under these conditions on which the molar ratio of aldehyde/ketone to glycol is l： 1.5, the mass ratio of the catalyst used in the reactants is 0.5%, and the reaction time is 1.0 h, the yields of ketals and acetals can reach 41.4%-95.8%. 相似文献
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An efficient visible-light-responsive BiOBr/TiO2 heterojunction nanocomposite was fabricated successfully using in-situ depositing technique at room temperature by introducing BiOBr onto the surface of TiO2 nanobelts pre-prepared by hydrothermal reaction and etched with H2SO4. The obtained particles were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, UV-Vis DRS and PL techniques. BiOBr/TiO2 heterojunction nanocomposites with different mass ratios of m(BiOBr)/m(TiO2) were discussed in order to get the best photocatalytic activity, and BiOBr/TiO2-1.0 was proved to be the optimal mass ratio. BiOBr/TiO2-1.0 exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity in the degradation of RhB compared with TiO2 nanobelts, pure BiOBr and the mechanical mixture of TiO2 nanobelts and BiOBr. At last, a possible mechanism of photocatalytic enhancement was proposed. 相似文献
20.
Xia Fengshun Li Wenpeng Guo Junheng Han You Zhang Minqing Wang Baoguo Li Wei Zhang Jinli 《天津大学学报(英文版)》2021,27(5):409-421
A pore-array intensified tube-in-tube microchannel (PA-TMC), which is characterized by high throughput and low pressure drop, was developed as a gas–liquid contactor. The sulfite oxidation method was used to determine the oxygen efficiency (φ) and volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) of PA-TMC, and the mass transfer amount per unit energy (ε) was calculated by using the pressure drop. The effects of structural and operating parameters were investigated systematically, and the two-phase flow behavior was monitored by using a charge-coupled device imaging system. The results indicated that the gas absorption efficiency and mass transfer performance of the PA-TMC were improved with increasing pore number, flow rate, and number of helical coil turns and decreasing pore size, row number, annular size, annular length, and surface tension. The φ, ε and kLa of PA-TMC could reach 31.3%, 1.73 × 10−4 mol/J, and 7.0 s−1, respectively. The Sherwood number was correlated with the investigated parameters to guide the design of PA-TMC in gas absorption and mass transfer processes.
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