共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
假装游戏对幼儿心理理论发展的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本研究以48名3～4岁儿童为被试,借鉴以往假装游戏的干预方式,对幼儿进行假装游戏训练,以此探讨假装游戏对儿童心理理论发展的影响.结果表明:(1)游戏组儿童的心理理论后测成绩显著高于控制组,即假装游戏的训练促进了3-4岁儿童心理理论能力的发展;(2)在后测的心理理论任务总成绩上年龄效应极其显著,即训练后,实验组4岁儿童与3岁组儿童在心理理论成绩上差异显著.假装游戏可能通过游戏中的角色、实物转换,即用一个物体代替另外一个物体或想像一个不存在的物体、角色扮演等方式促进了儿童心理理论的发展. 相似文献
2.
本研究旨在通过实验验证训练对于儿童心理理论的发展是否具有促进作用.研究者选取了3～4岁儿童共122名,通过错误信念任务和语言控制任务,筛选出59名被试参加实验,并将被试按年龄、性别平均分配到三个组:故事组、信念组和控制组,分别进行不同的训练.研究结果显示,适当的训练对儿童心理理论能力的发展具有明显的促进作用,且训练效应具有长期性;4岁儿童的训练效果显著优于3岁儿童. 相似文献
3.
为了了解以普通话为母语的儿童在指称和命名图片上两个语义相关的陌生物体时所用的语言单位类型,本研究对84名学前儿童进行了实验。结果表明在指称任务中,儿童使用的语言单位因年龄的不同而存在较大不同,小班儿童倾向于用单个词或短语,中班和大班儿童倾向于使用句子和复合词,反映了儿童认知陌生物体的不同策略和认知水平的提高;在命名任务中,儿童使用复合词的比例有较大提高,使用句子的比例下降,反映了儿童组合语素造词能力的发展。 相似文献
4.
本研究选取143名2～5岁儿童作为被试,以表情再认、表情命名、情绪观点采择任务考察其情绪理解能力发展水平,以皮博迪"图画一词汇"测验考察其语言能力发展水平,并分析儿童情绪理解能力发展与语言能力之间的关系.结果表明:(1)3～4岁是儿童获得表情再认和表情命名能力的关键年龄,4～5岁是儿童情绪观点采择能力发展的关键年龄;(2)对学前儿童而言,表情再认任务最容易,其次是表情命名任务,情绪观点采择任务最困难;(3)儿童的情绪理解能力与语言能力显著相关,即使在控制了年龄因素的影响后,相关仍然显著. 相似文献
5.
6.
轻绳连接体问题,由于轻绳的柔软性使问题有了许多的变化,也使题目难度变大．笔者对这类题作了些分析研究．将这类问题大致分为：1．绳端连接的两个物体都静止类问题;2．绳端连接的两个物体一个静止,另一个运动类问题;3．绳端连接的两个物体的运动速度大小相同,方向不同类问题;4．绳端连接的两个物体速度大小和方向都不同类问题,下面进行分类说明。 相似文献
7.
8.
9.
面部表情识别是情绪理解的重要方面,是儿童个体发展和社会化的基础.本研究采用面部表情图片识别方法测试了3～5岁儿童对高兴、伤心、生气、害怕四种基本表情的命名能力.研究结果表明,3～5岁儿童的面部表情命名能力随着年龄的增长不断提高,他们对积极表情的命名能力显著优于对消极表情的命名能力,对害怕表情的识别在3～5岁这个年龄段中没有得到明显的发展.因此,对3～5岁儿童进行必要的情绪理解教育将有助于其个体情绪理解和社会适应能力的发展. 相似文献
10.
澳大利亚是一个经济发达、地大物博、人口稀少的国家。该国很重视学前教育,幼儿的入园率相当高。澳大利亚学前教育的组织形式有五种:托儿中心、家庭托儿站、幼儿园、托儿学校、游戏班。托儿中心招收0～5岁儿童,一个星期有五天入托,入托时间为7:00～18:00。家庭托儿站招收5岁以下儿童,托儿站建立在家庭之中,由一个母亲照顾许多儿童,这个母亲是一种社会福利组织的成员。入托时间为早上7:30～18:00。幼儿园招收3～5岁儿童,一周有2～3天入园。托儿学校招收4～5岁儿童,一周有5天入学,这种托儿学校有两个入园时间,一种是9:00～11:30,另一种是12:30～18:00。游戏班招收15个月～3岁儿童,一天的入班时间一般为2～3个小时。从七十年代以后,澳大利亚各个 相似文献
11.
Children tend to extend object names on the basis of sameness of shape, rather than size, color, or material-a tendency that has been dubbed the "shape bias." Is the shape bias the result of well-learned associations between words and objects? Or does it exist because of a general belief that shape is a good indicator of object category membership? The present three studies addressed this debate by exploring whether the shape bias is specific to naming. In Study 1, 3-year-olds showed the shape bias both when asked to extend a novel name and when asked to select an object of the same kind as a target object. Study 2 found the same shape bias when children were asked to generalize properties relevant to category membership. Study 3 replicated the findings from Study 1 with 2-year-olds. These findings suggest that the shape bias derives from children's beliefs about object kinds and is not the product of associative learning. 相似文献
12.
Two experiments tested the hypothesis that names direct attention at two levels of abstraction: Known names direct attention to the properties most relevant to the specific category; novel names direct attention to the shape, the property most generally relevant across known object names. English-speaking and Japanese-speaking 3-year-olds were shown a novel object that was named with (a) known nouns referring to things similar in shape or similar in material and color, and (b) novel nouns. Given known nouns, children attended to shape when the name referred to a category organized by shape, but they did not when the name referred to a category organized by other properties. Children generalized novel names by shape. The results are discussed within the debate between shape-based and taxonomic categories. 相似文献
13.
Ori Friedman Julia W. Van de Vondervoort Margaret A. Defeyter Karen R. Neary 《Child development》2013,84(5):1519-1525
It is impossible to perceive who owns an object; this must be inferred. One way that children make such inferences is through a first possession bias—when two agents each use an object, children judge the object belongs to the one who used it first. Two experiments show that this bias does not result from children directly inferring ownership from first possession; the experiments instead support an alternative account according to which the first possession bias reflects children's historical reasoning. In Experiment 1, eighty‐five 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds only based inferences on first possession when it was informative about the past. In Experiment 2, thirty‐two 5‐year‐olds based ownership judgments on testimony about past contact, while disregarding testimony about future contact. 相似文献
14.
Thérèse Bouffard Carole VezeauMathieu Roy Aurélie Lengelé 《International Journal of Educational Research》2011,50(4):221-229
This paper aims to investigate to what extent a bias in self-evaluation is an enduring characteristic among children, and whether there is a relationship between the trajectory of children's self-evaluation bias over a five-year period and their psychosocial adjustment. 462 children (200 boys) in Grade 3 (mean age = 8.6 years old) or Grade 4 (mean age = 9.7 years old) at the outset of the study participated following their parents’ written consent. The group-based approach using a multinomial modeling strategy allowed identifying five groups based on changes in the children's self-evaluation bias over the five-year period. Children in the stable and highly positive bias group stood out as having markedly more positive scores on all indices of psychosocial adjustment, and also outperformed the other children in achievement in language arts and math. 相似文献
15.
Gender bias exists in our language environment. We investigated personal name usage in two large corpora of language written for and by U.K. children aged 5–13. Study 1 found an overrepresentation of male names in children’s books, largely attributable to male authors. In stories written by over 100,000 children, Study 2 found an overall male bias that interacted with age. Younger children wrote more about their own gender. With age, girls became more balanced yet boys continued to show a strong male bias. Our findings demonstrate a male-centered bias in both children’s books and their own writing. We consider the power of written language to both shape and be shaped by cultural stereotypes via systematic biases in gender associations. 相似文献
16.
William E. Merriman John M. Marazita Lorna H. Jarvis Julie A. Evey-Burkey Michael Biggins 《Child development》1995,66(6):1890-1908
A new word-learning phenomenon is demonstrated and a new word-learning principle is proposed to account for it. In Study 1, 60 3-year-olds were shown a pair of objects and heard a novel label used repeatedly for one, but not for the other. In a forced-choice test of generalization of the label, the latter object was selected less often by the children than one that had not been present during training. This so-called Nominal Passover Effect was the same whether the speaker had completely ignored the comparison object during training or had referred to it with pronouns. The performance of a no-word control group ( N = 24) indicated that the effect was not due to a preference for the less exposed of the two choice objects. The effect is consistent with the Exhaustive Reference Principle, which stipulates that whenever a new generic word is used to name something, expect it to be extended to all entities in a situation that the speaker perceives and believes to be exemplars of the name. In Study 2 ( N = 48), the Nominal Passover Effect was replicated with 3 new sets of objects and with training language that contained only indefinite forms of reference. The passover experience was often sufficient to counteract children's tendency to generalize a novel label on the basis of perceptual similarity. The passover effect was not evident in free-choice name generalization tests in either study. 相似文献
17.
In 4 experiments, we examined how young children incorporate new word meanings into their lexicons. 2-year-olds were each taught a new noun for an object that already had a known label (e.g., a "fep" for a dog). Children's interpretations of the new nouns were assessed by asking subjects to select the named toy from an array of 4 toys (e.g., "Point to a fep"). The experiments were designed to determine which of several possible semantic relations between novel and familiar words was most consistent with children's performance. It was found that children often seemed to interpret the new word as referring to a subordinate of the known category. This tendency was reduced when the named object could sensibly receive a proper name (e.g., when the named object was a stuffed animal), particularly when children had to consider both the familiar and the novel label for the object in the same session. Although not all alternative explanations have been ruled out, these results suggest that, from a very young age, children may spontaneously form language hierarchies when they hear a novel work for an object that already has a familiar name. 相似文献
18.
The taxonomic sorting responses of 56 lower‐class and 56 middle‐class children from two age groups (mean ages for these being 8 years 4 months and 12 years 3 months) were assessed under two instructional conditions. One condition involved ‘explicit’ cues to sort the task items taxonomically and the other condition involved only an ‘implicit’ requirement to do so. The social class groups sorted equally well under the ‘explicit’ instructions, but under the ‘implicit’ conditions, the performance of the younger lower‐class children was significantly poorer than that of the younger middle‐class children. The results are considered in terms of a discrepancy between performance (habit or preference) and competence in taxonomic tasks for younger lower‐class children.
19.
Developmental differences in part/whole identification 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
At issue in the present research was whether or not preschoolers are able to simultaneously perceive multiple aspects of an object. This issue was examined in 2 experiments in which 3-5-year-olds were asked to describe part/whole pictures (e.g., a "house made of crayons"). Prior developmental research has suggested that preschoolers typically fail to name both part and whole aspects of such pictures. In the present study, parts and wholes ranged from relatively "simple" to relatively "difficult" for preschoolers to identify and label. The results showed that even 3-year-olds frequently named both part and whole aspects of our "simple" pictures but were significantly less likely to name both aspects of more "difficult" pictures. Overall, the results suggest that multiple-aspect perception is available as early as 3 years of age, and that preschoolers' failure in previous studies to explicitly identify both part and whole aspects of the same object may reflect failure in verbal or metacognitive skills rather than in children's ability to perceive multiple aspects of an object. 相似文献
20.
We demonstrate that lexical form class information can play a powerful role in directing the establishment of word-to-object mappings in referentially ambiguous situations. A total of 144 3- and 4-year-olds heard a novel label, modeled syntactically as either a proper name or an adjective, for a stuffed animal of a familiar kind. We then added a second object of the same kind and asked children (1) to choose one of the two objects as the referent of a second novel label, also presented syntactically as either a proper name or an adjective, and (2) to decide whether this second label could also apply to the object they did not choose. In each of three experiments, preschoolers were most likely to reject two words for the same object if both words were proper names (as if one dog could not be both "Fido" and "Rover"). They were significantly less likely to do so if both were adjectives (as if one dog could be both "spotted" and "furry") or if one was a proper name and the other was an adjective (as if one dog could be both "Fido" and "furry"). Information about lexical form class thus contributed significantly to the formation of linkages between words and objects. 相似文献