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1.
Poul Klenz Larsen 《文物保护研究》2018,63(5):164-169
ABSTRACTHistoric buildings in Denmark have a high relative humidity (RH) all year, so the interiors are exposed to biological degradation. The acceptable range for RH is 60–70%, which is higher than the usual recommendations for museums and galleries. There are two options for humidity control: conservation heating or mechanical dehumidification. Calculation of the energy performance of a generic building was used to determine which method is the most efficient. Studies of a cottage in Liselund Park, and of two medieval churches in Hellerup and Vemb have confirmed these predictions: dehumidification is less energy consuming than conservation heating in buildings with poor thermal insulation and a moderate air infiltration rate (AER?<?0.6?h?1). Dehumidification is suitable for historic buildings, where heating is not needed for human comfort. A condensing dehumidifier uses less than half the energy per kg water compared to an absorption dehumidifier. But it does not work at temperatures below 2°C. The combination of a condensing dehumidifier and a little heating to prevent frost is the most energy efficient solution for humidity control. These results are only valid in mild and humid climatic conditions similar to Denmark. 相似文献
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Tobit Curteis 《文物保护研究》2018,63(5):70-75
ABSTRACTEnglish medieval cathedrals are a group of buildings of exceptional significance and they contain collections of equal importance. Both the historic building fabric and the artefacts are vulnerable to environmental deterioration. However, unlike buildings owned by heritage organisations, the primary purpose of cathedrals is to further the Christian mission, and the conservation of the building and collections is required to be conducted within these constraints. Increasing visitor numbers and the installation of sophisticated exhibitions makes the task of conservation all the more demanding. Next to mechanical damage, environmental factors are the greatest source of deterioration to sensitive fabric and collections. However, until recently, there has been little systematic study of English cathedral environments and the effects of different uses and control measures. Detailed studies undertaken on 20 cathedrals in the past two decades have provided an insight into their environmental performance and how they differ as a group from many other historic buildings, as well as the passive conservation measures that can be implemented within their primary function. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTThe preservation of artefacts in museum collections is profoundly affected by fluctuations in temperature and, especially, relative humidity (RH). Since the late nineteenth century, many studies have been carried out on the best way to control hygrothermal conditions. In old buildings located in maritime temperate climate zones (such as Portugal) with strong thermal inertia, and which have low ventilation rate (relative to the volume and number of visitors), daily and seasonal hygroscopic inertia may help to assure the maintenance of RH stabilization conditions. The use of expensive active systems may be minimized through the passive behaviour of internal finishing building materials. This work presents the results of an experimental laboratory study conducted in a flow chamber to demonstrate the enormous potential of hygroscopic materials in stabilizing interior relative humidity. Based in these results and in-situ monitoring in a museum housed in a building, located in Porto, with a typical construction of the 1950s (granite masonry and reinforced concrete slabs), a numerical analysis was done to quantify the influence of hygroscopic materials in stabilizing the interior relative humidity. 相似文献
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《文物保护研究》2013,58(2):135-146
AbstractDust presents a physical risk to objects and reduces evidential value; it also creates a perception of poor standards of care. However, cleaning also imposes risks of damage, takes time and costs money. The presence of visitors induces much of the dust found in properties, so increasing or extending access has implications for housekeeping that are rarely discussed in economic terms, despite the fact that dust control represents the most expensive element of preventive conservation in historic houses. The range of preventive and protective measures that minimize the deposition of dust also carry costs that often relate to visitor flow. Simple economic calculations show the balance between the costs of cleaning and of other equipment and materials in National Trust properties. The cost per visitor initially reduces with increased numbers of people, but at high flow rates expenditure can increase because of the cost of cleaning. The per capita conservation costs become less than UK?2 per visitor at reasonable visitor flow rates (about 30000 per annum), although, in the calculations presented here for an idealized medium-sized property, costs begin to increase as visitor flow rises above 60000 per annum. Recognizing the economic importance of managing dust is thus essential in assessing the level of access consistent with maintaining appropriate standards of presentation and collections care. 相似文献
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《文物保护研究》2013,58(2):47-52
AbstractAn environmentally controlled case is described for conserving a Fayum panel painting on loan to the Brooklyn Museum which exhibited a high degree of sensitivity to changes in relative humidity. The case was constructed of aluminium with a glass front, sealed in an air-tight fashion with a gasketted metal frame. It was intended to maintain a level of 50% RH in order to relax the panel painting from its high degree of warping, returning it to its original contour, and to conserve it permanently in this micro-climate. The humidity control agent found very satisfactory for this purpose was silica gel pre-conditioned to produce the 50% RH environment. The method of preparation of the gel was by exposure over a saturated solution of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate. The authors have detailed the construction of the case and method of installation of the Fayum portrait, as well as the technique of silica gel maintenance. The interior climate has been controlled satisfactorily since November 1974. 相似文献
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Matthew B. Hoy 《Medical reference services quarterly》2013,32(3):326-331
ABSTRACTAdvances in building technologies are combining energy efficiency, networked sensors, and data recording in exciting ways. Modern facilities can adjust lighting, heating, and cooling outputs to maximize efficiency, provide better physical security, improve wayfinding for occupants, and provide detailed reports of building use. This column will briefly explore the idea of “smart buildings,” describe some of the technologies that are being developed for these buildings, and explore their implications for libraries. A brief listing of selected smart building technologies is also provided. 相似文献
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The large number of conservation and restoration works recently completed in Qatar show that there exists a need to enhance appreciation of the local architectural and building traditions, as a way of bringing to light the historical memory of these local places, using local techniques and materials to conserve existing buildings and to typologically integrate them. This paper offers an update on the status of some recent conservation projects in Qatar, analysing and comparing a number of completed restorations of historic buildings on the basis of the categories into which they can be organised; the extent to which they had deteriorated before restoration; the methods that were adopted; the construction materials and techniques used; the philosophical approach taken to restoration; and the various proposals for reusing the restored buildings. Comparison and analysis of the data make it possible to classify these methods and techniques in ways that could be applied to other conservation projects in future. The aim is to define a philosophy and methodologies that are consistent, and will be able to give expression to the specific local culture in matters of conservation, while respecting shared international rules. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTThe need to keep things cool for durability should be the single most powerful influence on storage design. The simplest temperature control is to moderate the outside temperature by a combination of thermal insulation and heat capacity. The low energy storage building is a lightweight, thermally insulated, airtight building put on top of an uninsulated floor slab laid directly on the ground. The thermal insulation is calculated to even out the daily temperature cycle but to allow an annual temperature cycle which is about half the amplitude, but much smoother, than the annual temperature cycle outside. The winter temperature inside will nearly always be above ambient and so will maintain a moderate RH without need for either humidification or dehumidification. The temperature inside in summer will be below ambient and thus will force dehumidification of the infiltrating air. However, the airtightness of the building allows intermittent dehumidification with low energy consumption, less than one kWh/m3 per year. There now exist enough buildings designed on this principle to reassure curators that highly valued collections can be stored in a space with a gentle temperature cycle and with an RH stability as good as air-conditioning usually achieves. 相似文献
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Karin Kompatscher Bart Ankersmit Edgar Neuhaus Marcel A.P. van Aarle Jos W.M. van Schijndel Henk L. Schellen 《文物保护研究》2020,65(5):262-284
ABSTRACT Many museums are housed in historic buildings, sometimes the building itself is part of the museum collection. Creating a stable environment by providing a nearly constant temperature and relative humidity at correct levels decreases the risk of object degradation. Maintaining this steady indoor environment, however, increases energy consumption and risks to the historic building. Museum display cases offer a solution to the mitigation of risks to which valuable objects may be subjected by providing an extra layer of protection to indoor climate fluctuations. The Anne Frank House is a historic house museum located in Amsterdam. The museum has undergone several renovations in the last years to deal with an increase in the number of visitors to over 1.2 million a year. The original diaries and other documents of Anne Frank are permanently on display in the Anne Frank House. With the recent refurbishment the possibility arose to design a new state-of-the-art display case. This study presents the results of the experimental research related to the design, performed in-situ. The temperature and relative humidity in the new exhibition space and inside the new display cases were monitored to gain insight into the hygrothermal behavior of these controlled environments. A complementary numerical study was performed to investigate effects of dynamic climate control of the exhibition gallery and climate conditions in the display case under various circumstances. Four main conclusions are presented in this paper. The investigated display case design is able to provide a stable relative humidity environment by means of silica gel, while using an active box-in-box climate control system to create stable temperature conditions. The inner case temperature depends on the temperature supplied by the display case air handling unit. Protocols must be in place in case of malfunction or failure of the climate control system of the display case. The air handling unit of the case needs to be shut off to create a passive environment for the objects on display until necessary actions are taken. Exhibition gallery set points can be less stringent when susceptible museum objects are on display in the display case. The environments are separated and provide an opportunity for energy saving set point strategies. The last conclusion drawn is that the numerical study provides valuable insight into imposing dynamic control of set points for temperature and relative humidity in the exhibition gallery and the effect on the display case environment. 相似文献
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Wood artefacts are subject to damage by biologic infestations due to bacteria, insects, and fungal species. One of the worst feared attacks is due to the xylophagous insects whose larvae feed on wood by boring galleries, at the expense of building timbers and worked woods. These beetles are responsible for daily destruction of the world’s wooden cultural heritage, and their elimination has been always a big problem for conservation of wood. The need to avoid the use of chemical methods in conservation for pest control has led to the development of various non-chemical, non-toxic treatments. Among these, heating with microwaves (MW) seems to be one of the most promising, since it has already shown its high efficacy in destroying pests. Insect-infested wood remediation by MW heating in conservation is based on the larger thermal increment induced in larvae than in wood, due to their different dielectric permittivity in the GHz frequency range. However, the side effects that may occur due to MW heating of wood, such as dehydration, have never been discussed so far. Here we study the possible application of microwave heating as a remediation method for wood samples infested by the larvae of the insect Hylotrupes bajulus. We show that it is possible to set up exposure conditions able to achieve 100% of larvae death and that are sufficiently mild not to induce significant dehydration of the exposed wood from which shrinkage effects may derive. Indeed, under these conditions, MW-induced wood dehydration on cubic and parallelepiped sweetgum samples can be kept under control and to percentages as low as 0.4% (w/w). 相似文献
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Michal Łukomski Vincent Beltran Foekje Boersma James Druzik Ashley Freeman Marcin Strojecki 《文物保护研究》2018,63(5):181-186
ABSTRACTThis experimental program, implemented by the Managing Collection Environment Initiative at the Getty Conservation Institute, has provided data about the response of historic objects to changes in relative humidity (RH). Alongside other less sensitive documentation techniques (visual observation, physical measurements, photography, and 3D scanning), acoustic emission (AE) was monitored for six historic, museum-like wooden objects exposed to gradually increasing RH variations. Quantitative calibration of AE sensors and an anti-correlation measuring scheme to reduce environmental noise allowed the AE system to effectively trace micro-damage development caused by environmentally induced stress. Using an epidemiological approach, with respect to sample selection and experimental protocol, the obtained results can be used to explore the acceptable range of climate fluctuations for museum collections. The study’s well-controlled environmental protocol also allowed for the examination of the concept of ‘proofed fluctuation’ by the analysis of object response to reoccurring conditions. 相似文献
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《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):196-210
AbstractFeasibility studies on applying laser radiation for the removal of superficial deposits from historic glass are being carried out within a three-year interdisciplinary project in Germany. Previous investigations revealed that there is insufficient knowledge about interaction processes between UV-laser radiation and individual surface layers of encrusted historic glass. Therefore, detailed studies were first carried out on special model glass samples to simulate different stages in the corrosion of historic glass. The potential of UV-lasers for removing crusts and biolayers, as well as layers of various conservation materials (due to previous conservation work) is examined. It is of great importance to avoid damage to materials such as gel layers, paint layers or the glass itself. A KrF-excimer laser operating at λ = 248nm is used for the experiments. A mask projection technique is applied for irradiation. A modified optical set-up has been designed, using cylindrical lenses for large-area removal by 'line scanning'. Removal rates and thresholds for the materials mentioned above are monitored. The collected data enable comparison and evaluation of the feasibility of removing superficial layers from historic glass artifacts. The results indicate that in some cases a closed loop process control will be necessary to avoid over-cleaning. 相似文献
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《College & Undergraduate Libraries》2013,20(2):83-94
Abstract The relocation of a small academic library to a new building gave the author an opportunity to reshape the user seating mix. Differences were found in what the library preferred to offer in the way of seating (primarily carrels to control noise) and what the users preferred to use (primarily tables so they could spread out their work or study with others). Recordings of actual user preferences after the move confirmed informal observations and led to a subsequent, more successful adjustment in the seating mix. The findings and methods should be useful for librarians planning to build new facilities or create more effective seating in existing buildings. 相似文献
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Juan Jesús Martín-del-Rio Vicente Flores-Alés Francisco Javier Alejandre-Sánchez Fco. Javier Blasco-López 《文物保护研究》2013,58(6):363-372
ABSTRACTThe goal of this research is to propose a new method of characterizing rammed-earth walls. Based on their historic building materials properties, five broad test groups were established for the characterization: chemical and mineralogical composition, physical properties, mechanical properties, particle size distribution, and dating. These determinations can, in turn, be grouped into two different types: instrumental techniques such as XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDX, as well as adaptations of standard methods (mainly UNE-EN standards) for application to these materials. As case studies where the proposed method is applied, we present our research on the rammed-earth walls in the ramparts of Seville and Malaga (Spain), clearly showing the method’s capacity for comparing and differentiating different rammed-earth walls. 相似文献
16.
John Cox 《New Review of Academic Librarianship》2017,23(2-3):110-124
ABSTRACTNew research needs, global developments and local shifts in emphasis are demanding a broader range of interactions by librarians with researchers and are challenging previous staffing structures. Research has a higher institutional profile and academic libraries have responded by creating new roles and staffing models, with stronger linkage across campus as partners rather than supporters. Particular circumstances at National University of Ireland Galway have shaped its Library's staffing configuration for research. These include the emergence of digital scholarship across campus, opportunities offered by a new research building, the growing importance of archives and the publication of a new institutional strategy. Significant reductions in staffing and budget are influential too. Distinctive features in the revised staffing model are organization by function instead of subject, prioritization of engagement with digital scholarship, distributed management of archives and special collections, and a particular emphasis on contribution across multiple teams. This case study reports early gains and challenges. 相似文献
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Theresa Burress 《College & Undergraduate Libraries》2017,24(2-4):300-321
ABSTRACTLibrarians are increasingly embracing project management to guide their work outside of routine library operations. Some humanities scholars, too, especially within the digital humanities community, are bringing project management techniques to bear on scholarly digital projects. We argue that librarians and their diverse collaborators can apply project management practices to a broad range of research, teaching, and learning projects with collaborators beyond the library. Two case studies illustrate this argument, one from each author's experience: creating a community biodiversity wiki for West-Central Florida and redesigning an interdisciplinary first-year seminar around creating 3-D models of historic Venetian buildings. 相似文献
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David Thickett 《文物保护研究》2018,63(5):262-267
ABSTRACTThis work considers areas where our present lack of knowledge curtails the effectiveness or efficiency of preventive conservation practice. Mixed media, especially archaeological metals and organics have incompatible requirements for relative humidity (RH). An approach based on understanding the risk versus RH for both materials and considering the showcase performance is elucidated as a solution. Pollution, both the mixed atmospheres around most cultural heritage and the complex, variable nature of deposited particles, are further areas in need of more research. Damage functions and measurement of object deterioration rates are investigated as a path forward, and examples are given. 相似文献