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M. I. Shterenberg 《Scientific and Technical Information Processing》2013,40(3):131-136
The classical concept of entropy is shown not to reflect the essence of the second law of thermodynamics both phenomenologically and theoretically. A new concept of entropy, S n , is given, which offers a particular physical meaning of entropy and provides an experimental determination of the entropy value. This allows one to avoid many attempts at defining the phenomenon of life via entropy characteristics and give definitions of life and an elementary structure of both life itself and devices that simulate life (automata, computers, and robots.). This, in turn, allows one to assign a substantive sense to the mathematical character of corresponding sciences (information theory, cybernetics, system theory, etc.) and define operational basic concepts of information, knowledge, meaning, and control, as well as to formulate operational concepts of order, organization, and self-organization and implement a new approach to problems of biology, biophysics, information theory, cybernetics, and system theory. 相似文献
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本文从责权利角度论述了媒体责任、权利与规范之间的一般关系。认为职业规范是由职业责任与权利共同决定的,职业责任与职业权利是促使媒体伦理规范形成和发展一个必然的、永恒的基础和动力。本文认为“完成责任必须用好权利,正确地使用权利是第一位的责任”。具体来说,职业权利=职业权力+职业利益。因此,针对媒体权力部分的规范是为了防止媒体职业权力的异化,对媒体利益的规范是用以保证媒体及记者收益和正当性。 相似文献
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During the last decade, behavioral economics has become an important and pervasive field. Since it draws from both psychology and economics, we tested four databases to compare coverage: EconLit, PsycINFO, Business Source Premier, and Academic Search Premier. We also explored which journals contain most articles on the subject, tracked the dates of those articles, and looked at trends in authorship. Finally, we show how the boom in behavioral economics research is reflected in the increase of working papers on the subject. 相似文献
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E A Holtum 《Bulletin of the Medical Library Association》1999,87(4):404-407
Have librarians promoted end user searching to the detriment of the profession and promoted clinical inefficiency from causally trained health practitioners? Issues related to the complexity of bibliographic retrieval in the networked environment are explored within the context of evidence-based medicine and the division of labor. 相似文献
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Social media have changed the way we create, share, and experience visual media. Such collaborative exchanges defy traditional notions of ownership and do not conform to copyright's view of the image as a singularly “fixed” construct. In mobile contexts especially, images are dialogic, conveying far more complicated messages than ever before. This article relies on an examination of theories of the image to inform discussions about copyright reform in the digital age. It briefly explores visual culture theory and the status of visual media in copyright law, and it offers suggestions for how copyright law might adapt to encourage online visual expression, creativity, and economic gain. 相似文献
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This paper investigates chemical bleaching of wood to make species-specific practical recommendations for colour adjustment of veneer in furniture conservation. In more detail, chemical bleaching of Honduras mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), European walnut (Juglans regia), Rio rosewood (Dalbergia nigra), padauk (Pterocarpus spp.), and purpleheart (Peltogyne spp.) is investigated using 11 different bleach solutions. Both oxidative (e.g. hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate) and reductive (e.g. oxalic acid and sodium bisulphite) solutions were used. The results show that the wood species react differently with the investigated bleach solutions. It can also be noted that not all investigated solutions were suitable for all wood species. Based on the results, wood species-specific bleach solutions are recommended. 相似文献
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《Communication methods and measures》2013,7(3):203-222
The use of implicit measures of attitudes has great potential to advance our understanding of process and mechanism in the field of communication. These measures assess automatically activated attitudes, which have the potential to influence spontaneous decisions and outcomes, and may operate, to some extent, below individuals' consciousness. A large number of implicit measures have been developed and tested. These measures use a variety of different procedures and have various strengths and limitations. This piece provides an overview of three types of implicit measures of attitudes: (a) evaluative priming measures, (b) the implicit association test (IAT) and several of its variants, and (c) the recently developed affect misattribution procedure (AMP). Emphasis is placed on issues of mechanism, reliability, validity, and strengths and limitations of each measure. 相似文献
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《Mass Communication and Society》2013,16(2):133-156
This article compares the quiz show Who Wants to be a Millionaire as it has been produced in 7 different countries-the United States, Russia, Poland, Norway, Finland, Israel, and Saudi Arabia. Through content analysis of 2,233 questions collected from 73 programs, the study aims to ascertain globalization and knowledge hierarchy as they manifest in a successful television program. The Nordic productions of Millionaire were rather similar to one another, as were shows from Russia and Poland, and-to a lesser extent-programs from the United States and Israel. Cultural proximity between nations correlated with similarity in content. The quiz show in larger nations included more questions about universal issues and fewer questions about local issues, in contrast to quiz shows from smaller European countries. Western quiz shows emphasized light entertainment, whereas the Saudi show and those from Russia and Poland brought to the foreground language and history. In terms of knowledge hierarchy, in all the countries academic knowledge yielded more valuable prizes than everyday knowledge. 相似文献
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