助学贷款的不同目标--对贷款的设计、评价及政策可能产生的影响   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

艾德里安·齐德曼  李湘萍 《北京大学教育评论》2004,2(2):33-38

本文对世界各地助学贷款的不同目标作了简要的回顾和评论 ,着重论述了两种不同目标取向的助学贷款之间的差异 :第一类助学贷款追求经济目标 ,如贷款的设立是为了促进高等教育的成本补偿 ,为紧张的大学财政获取额外财源 ;第二类助学贷款追求社会目标 ,如设立贷款的目的是为了增进高等教育入学机会均等 ,帮助更多贫困家庭的学生上大学。以经济目标为导向的助学贷款一般不含政府补贴 ,以社会目标为导向的助学贷款可能享受政府的补贴 ,但需要对贷款对象进行认真仔细的确认。文章最后指出 ,助学贷款的设计和评价必须考虑到贷款政策的目标。  相似文献   

Understanding Early Inhibitory Development: Distinguishing Two Ways That Children Use Inhibitory Control     

Andrew Simpson  Daniel J. Carroll 《Child development》2019,90(5):1459-1473

Inhibitory control is the capacity to suppress inappropriate responses. It is central to many aspects of development, most notably executive function and effortful control. Despite its importance, however, there are significant gaps in our understanding of inhibitory control’s early development, and several findings that remain hard to explain. Here, a new account of inhibitory control is presented, explaining previous findings by distinguishing between two distinct ways that inhibitory control is used. According to this “Strength/Endurance” account, inappropriate responses which are highly prepotent tax inhibitory strength; whereas inappropriate responses which remain active for a long time tax inhibitory endurance. The developmental trajectories of these two aspects of inhibitory control, and their separate impacts on broader development, are discussed.  相似文献   

Influence of upright versus time trial cycling position on determination of critical power and W′ in trained cyclists     

Mehdi Kordi  Chris Fullerton  Louis Passfield  Len Parker Simpson 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(2):192-198

Body position is known to alter power production and affect cycling performance. The aim of this study was to compare mechanical power output in two riding positions, and to calculate the effects on critical power (CP) and W′ estimates. Seven trained cyclists completed three peak power output efforts and three fixed-duration trial (3-, 5- and 12-min) riding with their hands on the brake lever hoods (BLH), or in a time trial position (TTP). A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that mean power output during the 5-min trial was significantly different between BLH and TTP positions, resulting in a significantly lower estimate of CP, but not W′, for the TTP trial. In addition, TTP decreased the performance during each trial and increased the percentage difference between BLH and TTP with greater trial duration. There were no differences in pedal cadence or heart rate during the 3-min trial; however, TTP results for the 12-min trial showed a significant fall in pedal cadence and a significant rise in heart rate. The findings suggest that cycling position affects power output and influences consequent CP values. Therefore, cyclists and coaches should consider the cycling position used when calculating CP.  相似文献   

Optimised force-velocity training during pre-season enhances physical performance in professional rugby league players     

Adam Simpson  Mark Waldron  Emily Cushion  Jamie Tallent 《Journal of sports sciences》2021,39(1):91-100

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of 8-week force-velocity optimised training was assessed in highly trained professional rugby league athletes. Players (age 24 ± 3 years; body mass 94.9 ± 21.6 kg; height 181.3 ± 6.0 cm) were strength-matched and assigned to a force-velocity optimised group (OP; n = 15) or a general strength-power group (GP; n = 14). Tests included 10-m, 20-m sprints, 3 repetition-maximum squat and squat jumps over five load conditions to ascertain vertical force-velocity relationship. ANCOVA revealed there was a group effect for force-velocity deficit (P < 0.001), with the OP two-fold greater than the GP group (OP pre: 51.13 ± 31.42%, post: 62.26 ± 31.45%, GP pre: 33.00 ± 19.60%, post: 31.14 ± 31.45%, P < 0.001). There were further group effects for 3RM squat (OP pre: 151.17 ± 22.95 kg, post: 162.17 ± 24.16 kg, GP pre: 156.43 ± 25.07 kg, post: 163.39 ± 25.39 kg, P < 0.001), peak power (OP pre: 3195 ± 949 W, post: 3552 ± 1033 W, GP pre: 3468 ± 911 W, post: 3591 ± 936 W, P < 0.001), and SJ (OP pre: 39.79 ± 7.80 cm, post: 42.69 ± 7.83 cm, GP pre: 40.44 ± 6.23 cm, post: 41.14 ± 5.66 cm, P < 0.001). Prescribing F-V deficit training is superior for improving physical performance within highly trained RL players.  相似文献   

Physical profiles of elite,sub-elite,regional and age-group netballers     

Marni J. Simpson  David G. Jenkins  Michael D. Leveritt  Vincent G. Kelly 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(11):1212-1219

Physical profile data from elite, sub-elite, regional, under 21s (U21), under 19s (U19) and under 17s (U17) (n = 845) players from a state netball association in Australia were analysed. Within season changes were examined for the elite and sub-elite players. Longitudinal changes were examined for the elite across four consecutive netball seasons.

Elite were significantly older (24.3 ± 3.4years), taller (182.4 ± 7.2cm) and heavier (73.42 ± 6.95kg) than other playing levels (p < 0.001, ES 0.49–3.26) and had higher vertical jump (VJ) data compared to all groups (p < 0.001, ES 0.47–0.93). U17’s were significantly faster than elite, sub-elite and U19 players over 5m (p < 0.05, ES 0.36–0.58) while elite were faster over 20m compared to all groups (p < 0.01, ES 0.45–0.72). Elite achieved a greater distance (1350.8m; p < 0.05, ES 0.32–0.50) in the Yo-YoIRT1 compared to the sub-elite, regional, U19 and U17. VJ height significantly increased from the 2014 (51.6 ± 4.8cm) to the 2017 season (59.6 ± 6.3cm) for the elite players (p < 0.01, ES 1.18). Yo-YoIRT1 test scores increased significantly between the pre-season and in-season phases (p < 0.05, ES 0.17).  相似文献   

The Use of Student Consulting Projects as an Active Learning Pedagogy: A Case Study in a Production/Operations Management Course     

Kirk C. Heriot  Ron Cook  Rita C. Jones  Leo Simpson 《Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education》2008,6(2):463-481

Active learning has attracted considerable attention in higher education in response to concerns about how and what students are learning. There are many different forms of active learning, yet most of them are classroom based. We propose an alternative to active learning in the classroom through active learning outside of the classroom in the form of student consulting projects. While the literature on student consulting has largely focused on projects to assist small business owners, this research demonstrates the potential for using student-consulting projects in the Production/Operations Management course. We use a case study to describe the use of a student-consulting project as an alternative to the other types of active learning described in the Operations Management education literature.  相似文献   

Sex differences in self‐estimation of multiple intelligences among Portuguese adolescents     

Félix Neto  Fátima Ruiz  Adrian Furnham 《High Ability Studies》2008,19(2):189-204

This study investigated the relationship among sex, attitude toward intelligence, and self‐estimation of multiple intelligences for self and parents among Portuguese adolescents in secondary schools. Two hundred and forty‐two adolescents estimated their own and their parents' IQ scores on each of Gardner's 10 multiple intelligences: verbal (linguistic), logical (mathematical), spatial, musical, body‐kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, existential, spiritual, and naturalistic. They also answered six simple questions concerning intelligence and intelligence tests. There were various sex differences in self‐estimated IQ: males rated themselves higher on overall, mathematical, spatial, intrapersonal, spiritual, and naturalistic IQ compared with females. Multiple regressions indicated that verbal, logical, and intrapersonal intelligence were significant predictors for self and parents overall IQ estimations. Factor analysis of the 10, the 8, and the 7 self‐estimates scores did not confirm Gardner's classification of multiple intelligences. Males were more likely to believe in sex differences in intelligence than females. Results are discussed in terms of the growing literature in the self‐estimates of intelligence, as well as limitations of that approach.  相似文献   

Superior Detection of Faces in Male Infants at 2 Months     

Sarah E. Maylott  Jilian R. Sansone  Krisztina V. Jakobsen  Elizabeth A. Simpson 《Child development》2021,92(4):e621-e634

Females generally attend more to social information than males; however, little is known about the early development of these sex differences. With eye tracking, 2-month olds’ (N = 101; 44 females) social orienting to faces was measured within four-item image arrays. Infants were more likely to detect human faces compared to objects, suggesting a functional face detection system. Unexpectedly, males looked longer at human faces than females, and only males looked faster and longer at human faces compared to objects. Females, in contrast, looked less at human faces relative to animal faces and objects, appearing socially disinterested. Notably, this is the first report of a male face detection advantage at any age. These findings suggest a unique stage in early infant social development.  相似文献   

Troubles with information overload—Moving from quantity to quality in information provision     

C.W. Simpson  L. Prusak 《International Journal of Information Management》1995,15(6)

The authors view the phenomenon of information overload as a result of a general failure in the business community to recognize the ways in which information processes add value to information. They present a conceptual model based on the broad information attributes of truth, guidance, accessibility, scarcity and weight, and apply the model to a number of information-oriented initiatives undertaken in Standard Life. The roles of both information providers and information users are discussed, with particular emphasis on the needs of managers and decision makers for high value-added, or ‘quality’, information. The authors argue the need to bridge a long-standing gap between information providers and users in their respectice views of what the role, competences and requirements of the other is in information terms. Their value-added information model provides a way for both parties to begin communicating in meaningful terms on these issues.  相似文献   

The Future of Professional Photojournalism     

Adrian Hadland  Paul Lambert  David Campbell 《Journalism Practice》2016,10(7):820-832

The work practices of the professional photojournalist are currently undergoing rapid change in the digital era. New technologies, new platforms and new methods of visual storytelling are exerting a range of pressures and influences that require photojournalists to adapt and respond in different ways. The changes provoke a number of questions that are critical to the future of professional photojournalism: What are the new risks being faced by photojournalists? How are the transformations in the media economy affecting photojournalists’ employment? What does this mean for image quality? How do photojournalists think about the manipulation of images or the staging of events? Given the rise of citizen journalism, digital technology and social media, will there even be professional photojournalists in the future? This paper presents some of the results and new analysis from the first international study into the current state and future of professional photojournalism, with a specific focus on risk and on perceptions of risk among photographers. The results indicate a high degree of risk is experienced among professional photographers with a very strong correlation to the country in which they are based.  相似文献