A time allocation study of university faculty     

Albert N. Link  Christopher A. Swann  Barry Bozeman 《Economics of Education Review》2008

Many previous time allocation studies treat work as a single activity and examine trade-offs between work and other activities. This paper investigates the at-work allocation of time among teaching, research, grant writing and service by science and engineering faculty at top US research universities. We focus on the relationship between tenure (and promotion) and time allocation, and we find that tenure and promotion do affect the allocation of time. The specific trade-offs are related to particular career paths. For example, full professors spend increasing time on service at the expense of teaching and research while longer-term associate professors who have not been promoted to full professor spend significantly more time teaching at the expense of research time. Finally, our results suggest that women, on average, allocate more hours to university service and less time to research than do men.  相似文献   

The Pooled Data Approach for the Estimation of Split-Ballot Multitrait–Multimethod Experiments     

Willem Saris  Albert Satorra 《Structural equation modeling》2018,25(5):659-672

Saris, Satorra and Coenders (2004) proposed a new approach for estimating the quality of survey questions, which combines the advantages of the following two existing approaches: the multi-trait-multi-method (MTMM) approach and the split-ballot (SB) approach. In practice, this new approach led to frequent occurrences of non-convergence and improper solutions in the case of a two-group design (Revilla &; Saris, 2013 Revilla, M., &; Saris, W. E. (2013). The split-ballot multitrait-multimethod approach: Implementation and problems. Structural Equation Modeling, 20(1), 27–46.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). This was very problematic because this approach had been used in many experiments to determine the reliability, validity and method effects of questions that are used in the European Social Survey, which is used in approximately 30 countries. In this article, we propose a new estimation procedure, which we call estimation using pooled data (EUPD), to overcome the problems with this experimental design. We show that EUPD can also be applied in a general setting of structural equation modeling when the sample size is too small for precise estimation but several similar data sets are available.  相似文献   

Validity and Appropriate Uses of the Revised Technology Uses and Perceptions Survey (TUPS)     

Albert D. Ritzhaupt  A. Corinne Huggins-Manley  Kara Dawson  Nihan Ağaçlı-Doğan  Selcuk Doğan 《Journal of Research on Technology in Education》2017,49(1-2):73-87

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The expansion of adult education and training in Europe: Trends and issues     

Albert C. Tuijnman 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1992,38(6):673-692

The main purpose of this article is to describe the factors that are contributing to the recent expansion of adult education and training in the European region, A second purpose is to spell out the ramifications of the problems and policy issues that arise. The focus is on the dilemmas faced by decision-makers which, formulated as challenges confronting European adult education, will be summarized towards the end of the article. The central theme running through these concluding paragraphs is that there may well be a conflict between the economic and labour market objectives of adult education, on the one hand, and its cultural, social and redistributive goals on the other. The overriding challenge is how to find innovative ways of reducing this apparent conflict.

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Zusammenfassung Hauptziel dieses Artikels ist die Beschreibung von Faktoren, die zu der kürzlich begonnenen Erweiterung von Erwachsenenbildung und Weiterbildung im europäischen Raum beitragen. Außerdem sollen die Zusammenhänge der auftretenden Probleme und politischen Themen verdeutlicht werden. Im Brennpunkt stehen die als Herausforderung für die europäische Erwachsenenbildung formulierten Schwierigkeiten der Entscheidungsträger. Im Schlußteil werden diese Schwierigkeiten noch einmal kurz zusammengefaßt. Zentrales Thema dieses letzten Abschnitts ist der befürchtete Konflikt zwischen den Zielen der Erwachsenenbildung in Bezug auf Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt auf der einen Seite und kulturellen, sozialen und umverteilenden Aspekten auf der anderen. Die vorrangige Herausforderung besteht darin, innovative Möglichkeiten zur Verringerung dieses offensichtlichen Konflikts zu finden.

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Résumé L'objectif majeur du présent article est de décrire les facteurs qui contribuent à l'expansion récente de l'éducation et de la formation des adultes dans la région Europe. Le second objectif consiste à mettre en lumière les ramifications des problèmes et des questions politiques qui se manifestent. L'accent est mis sur les difficultés auxquelles font face les décideurs. On les résume à la fin de l'article où elles sont présentées comme les défis auxquels l'éducation des adultes est confrontée en Europe. Le thème central qui sous-tend les paragraphes de cette conclusion se rapporte au fait qu'il pourrait très bien y avoir un conflit entre les objectifs de l'éducation des adultes en matière d'économie et d'emploi, d'une part, et ses buts culturels, sociaux et de redistribution, d'autre part.

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Student Perceived and Determined Knowledge of Biology Concepts in an Upper-Level Biology Course     

Brittany Ziegler  Lisa Montplaisir 《CBE life sciences education》2014,13(2):322-330

Students who lack metacognitive skills can struggle with the learning process. To be effective learners, students should recognize what they know and what they do not know. This study examines the relationship between students’ perception of their knowledge and determined knowledge in an upper-level biology course utilizing a pre/posttest approach. Significant differences in students’ perception of their knowledge and their determined knowledge exist at the beginning (pretest) and end (posttest) of the course. Alignment between student perception and determined knowledge was significantly more accurate on the posttest compared with the pretest. Students whose determined knowledge was in the upper quartile had significantly better alignment between their perception and determined knowledge on the pre- and posttest than students in the lower quartile. No difference exists between how students perceived their knowledge between upper- and lower-quartile students. There was a significant difference in alignment of perception and determined knowledge between males and females on the posttest, with females being more accurate in their perception of knowledge. This study provides evidence of discrepancies that exist between what students perceive they know and what they actually know.  相似文献   

A theoretical analysis of the role of social networks in entrepreneurship     

Dennis P. Leyden  Albert N. Link  Donald S. Siegel 《Research Policy》2014

Entrepreneurship involves innovation and uncertainty. We outline a theory of entrepreneurship, which highlights the importance of social networks in promoting innovation and reducing uncertainty. Our findings suggest that this “social” aspect of entrepreneurship increases the probability of entrepreneurial success. The results also lend credence to theories of entrepreneurship that suggest that entrepreneurial opportunities are formed endogenously by the entrepreneurs who create them. We also consider the public policy implications of our findings.  相似文献   

Stress‐Induced Elevation of Oxytocin in Maltreated Children: Evolution,Neurodevelopment, and Social Behavior     

Leslie J. Seltzer  Toni Ziegler  Michael J. Connolly  Ashley R. Prososki  Seth D. Pollak 《Child development》2014,85(2):501-512

Child maltreatment often has a negative impact on the development of social behavior and health. The biobehavioral mechanisms through which these adverse outcomes emerge, however, are not clear. To better understand the ways in which early life adversity affects subsequent social behavior, changes in the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) in children (n = 73) aged 8.1–11.5 years following a laboratory stressor were examined. Girls with histories of physical abuse have higher levels of urinary OT and lower levels of salivary cortisol following the stressor when compared to controls. Abused and control boys, however, do not differ in their hormonal responses. These data suggest that early adversity may disrupt the development of the stress regulation system in girls by middle childhood.  相似文献   

The effective integration of ICTs in universities: the role of knowledge and academic experience of professors     

Albert Cubeles 《Technology, Pedagogy and Education》2018,27(3):339-349

Despite the fact that investment in information and communication technologies (ICTs) in universities has increased dramatically, there is no clear evidence that ICTs have been incorporated effectively in the process of teaching and learning. This article investigates the knowledge that university professors need in order to integrate ICTs into their teaching practices. The Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) model has been frequently used for this purpose, but its application in higher education has been limited. The objectives of the study are both the confirmation of the applicability of the model in universities, and the study of the key variables of professors for effective technology integration. A self-assessment questionnaire was administered to 113 professors of three different university schools. The results of this study confirm the usefulness of the model and revealed significant differences regarding the previous academic experience of the teacher. The investigation thus contributes to studies that aim to foster the effective integration of technology in teaching and learning.  相似文献   

Correlation network analysis shows divergent effects of a long-term,high-fat diet and exercise on early stage osteoarthritis phenotypes in mice     

Timothy M.Griffin  Albert Batushansky  Joanna Hudson  Erika Barboza Prado Lopes 《运动与健康科学(英文)》2020,9(2):119-131,197

Background:Obesity increases knee osteoarthritis(OA) risk through metabolic,inflammatory,and biomechanical factors,but how these systemic and local mediators interact to drive OA pathology is not well understood.We tested the effect of voluntary running exercise after chronic diet-induced obesity on knee OA-related cartilage and bone pathology in mice.We then used a correlation-based network analysis to identify systemic and local factors associated with early-stage knee OA phenotypes among the different diet and exercise groups.Methods:Male C57 BL/6 J mice were fed a defined control(10% kcal fat) or high fat(HF)(60% kcal fat) diet from 6 to 37 weeks of age.At 25 weeks,one-half of the mice from each diet group were housed in cages with running wheels for the remainder of the study.Histology,micro computed tomography,and magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate changes in joint tissue structure and OA pathology.These local variables were then compared to systemic metabolic(body mass,body fat,and glucose tolerance),inflammatory(serum adipokines and inflammatory mediators),and functional(mechanical tactile sensitivity and grip strength) outcomes using a correlation-based network analysis.Diet and exercise effects were evaluated by two-way analysis of variance.Results:An HF diet increased the infrapatellar fat pad size and posterior joint osteophytes,and wheel running primarily altered the subchondral cortical and trabecular bone.Neither HF diet nor exercise altered average knee cartilage OA scores compared to control groups.However,the coefficient of variation was≥25% for many outcomes,and some mice in both diet groups developed moderate OA(>33% maximum score).This supported using correlation-based network analyses to identify systemic and local factors associated with early-stage knee OA phenotypes.In wheel-running cohorts,an HF diet reduced the network size compared to the control diet group despite similar running distances,suggesting that diet-induced obesity dampens the effects of exercise on systemic and local OA-related factors.Each of the 4 diet and activity groups showed mostly unique networks of local and systemic factors correlated with early-stage knee OA.Conclusion:Despite minimal group-level effects of chronic diet-induced obesity and voluntary wheel running on knee OA pathology under the current test durations,diet and exercise substantially altered the relationships among systemic and local variables associated with early-stage knee OA.These results suggest that distinct pre-OA phenotypes may exist prior to the development of disease.  相似文献   

History,manufacture and analysis of maple products     

Albert P. Sy 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1908,166(5):321-352

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