Trends in feedstock for the chemical industry     

Andrew Stratton 《Endeavour》1983,7(2):94-101

  相似文献   

Is the Internet a US invention?—an economic and technological history of computer networking     

David C. Mowery  Timothy Simcoe 《Research Policy》2002,31(8-9)

Although the inventions embodied in the Internet originated in a diverse set of industrial economies, the US was consistently the source of critical innovations and an early adopter of new applications. Why did other nations, including several that made important inventive contributions to the Internet, not play a larger role in its development, particularly in the creation of new business organizations, governance institutions, and applications? We argue that the role of the US “national innovation system” in the creation of the Internet echoes several key themes of US technological development before 1940. The presence of a large domestic market, a set of antitrust and regulatory policies that weakened the power of incumbent telecommunications firms, and a diverse private/public research community that was willing to work with both domestic and foreign inventions were important preconditions for US leadership in computer networking innovation.  相似文献   

Innovation in a federal state     

Andrew H. Wilson 《Research Policy》1974,2(4):364-379

As a country with a relatively small international reputation for manufacturing and, apparently, with an even smaller one for technology-based product and process innovation in manufacturing, Canada has a long way to go to develop its manufacturing and innovative activities to the stage reached by most European countries. Recently, however, a number of science and research policy studies have been made to examine problems associated with innovation in manufacturing. This present paper deals with two important elements associated with these studies, namely, the organization of the public sector in Canada and the roles and responsibilities of the public sector agencies with regard to the encouragement of technology-based innovation in manufacturing. As pointed out in the paper, the federal structure and the agencies within it may at present frustrate as well as encourage innovation. However, assuming that the appropriate policy objectives can be articulated and accepted, the removal of the principal public sector frustrations will be dependent upon better divisions of responsibility and labour between the three levels of government.  相似文献   

A citation-based document retrieval system for finding research expertise     

Quan Thanh Tho  S.C. Hui  A.C.M. Fong 《Information processing & management》2007

Current citation-based document retrieval systems generally offer only limited search facilities, such as author search. In order to facilitate more advanced search functions, we have developed a significantly improved system that employs two novel techniques: Context-based Cluster Analysis (CCA) and Context-based Ontology Generation frAmework (COGA). CCA aims to extract relevant information from clusters originally obtained from disparate clustering methods by building relationships between them. The built relationships are then represented as formal context using the Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) technique. COGA aims to generate ontology from clusters relationship built by CCA. By combining these two techniques, we are able to perform ontology learning from a citation database using clustering results. We have implemented the improved system and have demonstrated its use for finding research domain expertise. We have also conducted performance evaluation on the system and the results are encouraging.  相似文献   

Information Economy and Changing Occupational Structure in Singapore   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Eddie C. Y. Kuo  Linda Low 《The Information Society》2001,17(4):281-293

Using population census data since 1921, this article traces changes in employment and occupational structure in Singapore in the past 80 years. This is a follow-up to an earlier paper by Kuo and Chen (1987) that reported the nascent formation of the information society in Singapore till the 1980s. It also makes an assessment of the role of proactive government policies in directing industrial restructuring and occupational changes in this city-state. It is found that the long-term growing trend in information-related occupations has been in tandem and supportive of industrial changes in Singapore. One more wave of growth of information producers (and certainly, innovators) and information distributors is expected in the next couple of decades. The momentum has started, and competition from regional countries similarly aspiring to be information and knowledge economies will quicken the pace. The government has initiated fundamental changes in the educational system to meet the challenges of the knowledge-based economy. The small city-state has also long adopted an adaptive philosophy to be responsive to the ever-changing environment, either in technology or in regional politics. Based on the trend analysis, it is expected that the emergent information society will graduate into full status when Singapore attains a developed country status in the forthcoming decades.  相似文献   

The impact of scientific research on UK agricultural productivity     

C.J. Doyle  M.S. Ridout 《Research Policy》1985,14(2):109-116

  相似文献   

On recursive averaging processes and Hilbert space extensions of the contraction mapping principle     

J.C. Dunn 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1973,295(2):117-133

If T maps a convex domain D_T into itself, and if {ω_n} is a real sequence with range in (0, 1] then the recursive averaging process, generates a sequence {x?_n}; with range in D_T. Under suitable conditions on D_T, T and {ω_n} the sequence {x?_n} will converge in some sense to a fixed point of T. We prove that if D_T is a closed convex subset of a complex Hilbert space H, if Tω = (1 ? ω) I + ωT is a strict contraction for some ω ? (0, 1], and if {ω_n} satisfies the conditions, and then, for arbitrary ξ ? D_T, {x?_n} converges strongly to (the unique) fixed point of T. We also prove that if D_T and {ω_n} satisfy the foregoing conditions, if T has at least one fixed point, and if Tω is non-expansive for some ω ? (0, 1], then for all ξ ? D_T, {x?_n} converges at least weakly to some fixed point of T. Finally, we apply these results to linear equations involving bounded normal operators and obtain an extension of the classical Neumann operator series.  相似文献   

Propagation through a slab of irregularities in a magneto-ionic medium     

D.M. Simonich  K.C. Yeh 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1973,295(2):135-146

A theory is developed to describe the propagation of characteristics waves through an infinite slab of irregularities in a magneto-ionic medium. The theory makes use of the asymptotic Green's dyadic. The results show that mode conversion is possible through scattering from irregularities in an anisotropic background. Some special cases are discussed and an example is given.  相似文献   

中国法律下的知识产权质押     

RONALD .C.C  王恒福  马明宇 《中国发明与专利》2006,(11)

多种原因造成了知识产权担保在发放信贷方面的重要性不如其他财产的担保。原因之一是知识产权具有一些特殊属性,一些潜在贷款人对这种财产属性缺乏了解。另一个原因是对许多知识产权的估价存在困难,相关法律在调整这些法定权利上的担保权益方面也不甚健全。尽管金融机构及其法律顾问已经越来越多地理解了知识产权担保借贷中的诸要素,但以知识产权担保的融资仍处在初期阶段。这是一个无论在法律领域,还是在信贷实践方面都很复杂的问题。立法者在回应专门立法需求以促进其发展方面也行动缓慢。这就进一步增加了用知识产权这种价值可能很大、但寿命又可能很短的财产做担保提供信贷的不确定性。  相似文献   

Application of a transversal laguerre network in adaptive equalization     

K.M. Wong  Y.G. Jan  F.C. Lee 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1984,317(2):105-115

Synchronous data transmission systems that transmit information over dispersive channels often employ adaptive equalization techniques in the processing of the received signals. Most equalizers presently used in communication systems are of the tapped delay line (TDL) type. In this paper, we propose a class of adaptive equalizers of which the TDL equalizer is a member. Another interesting member of this class is the Laguerre adaptive equalizer which is to be introduced in this paper. The configuration of the Laguerre equalizer is developed. It is found, as shown by the examples, that the Laguerre equalizer is more accurate, and is less sensitive to timing error than the conventional TDL equalizer.  相似文献