Transferable Intellectual and Personal Skills     

David Bradshaw 《牛津教育评论》2013,39(2):201-216

Although many employers recruit graduates, often on an any discipline basis, there is an apparent mismatch between employer needs and educational response.

Possession of a degree indicates ability to think at a certain level, but is insufficient. Selection criteria, advertisements and training courses run to make graduates fully effective show that employers need skills in communication, co‐operation and teamwork, and positive personal qualities such as the will to set and meet objectives and to be innovative also.

American experience indicates that although there is no complete and generally accepted classification of generic intellectual and personal skills, at least some are identifiable and are developed in the process of higher education. The College Outcomes Measures Project identified three ‘process areas’ (communicating, solving problems and clarifying values). The American Programme Evaluation Project identified communication, quantification, analytic and synthesising skills and values clarification. Some individual institutions have developed their own, useful, classifications and curricula which develop them. Efforts to improve these skills enhance both the academic work of the students and their employabil‐ity.

Interest in these areas in the UK is less advanced than in the United States and is piecemeal, but the UGC and NAB regard them as important.  相似文献   

EIGHTY HOURS MORE FOR TEACHING RELIGION     

Emerson O. Bradshaw 《Religious education (Chicago, Ill.)》2013,108(4):220-228

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Lessons Learned Coaching Teachers in Behavior Management: The PBISplus Coaching Model     

Patricia A. Hershfeldt  Karen Pell  Richard Sechrest  Elise T. Pas  Catherine P. Bradshaw 《Journal of educational and psychological consultation》2013,23(4):280-299

There is growing interest in coaching as a means of promoting professional development and the use of evidence-based practices in schools. This article describes the PBISplus coaching model used to provide technical assistance for classroom- and school-wide behavior management to elementary schools over the course of 3 years. This Tier 2 coaching model was implemented within the context of school-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) and tested in a 42-school, randomized controlled trial. We summarize some of the lessons learned by coaches regarding their efforts to gain access to the administrators, teachers, and student support staff in order to effect change and improve student outcomes. We conclude with a discussion of ways to successfully collaborate with teachers to promote effective classroom- and school-wide behavior management.  相似文献   

Public participation in the arts in the United States: Summary of the national endowment for the arts 1997 survey     

Tom Bradshaw  Olive Mosier 《Cultural Trends》1999,9(33):35-104

The 1997 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts examines the extent to which adult Americans throughout the US participate in the arts ‐ by attending live events and exhibitions, listening to and watching broadcast or recorded arts programmes, as well as personally performing or creating art themselves.

Respondents indicate that 35 per cent of American adults visited an art museum or gallery at least once in 1997. Other popular activities included attending ‘musical plays’ (25 per cent), non‐musical plays and classical music (both 16 per cent). Twelve per cent of the populated went to performances of jazz and dance other than ballet. Reading literature and visiting a historic park or an arts/crafts fair also had high participation rates ‐ the former, 63 per cent, and the latter two, about 47 per cent.

The chapter is divided into eight sections. The first three sections describe total participation, rates of participation, and participation by demographic group for each arts activity by types of participation: attendance at live events, participation through media, and active participation. The fourth section is devoted to socialisation, the amount of education and exposure to the arts. The fifth compares participation rates for the arts and other leisure activities. The sixth section focuses on music preferences, and the seventh on the geographical distribution of participation in the arts. The final section presents a summary and conclusions. Appendices to the report provide background and history of the survey, details of its methodology and analysis, and the questions asked in the survey.  相似文献   

Fostering Policies That Enhance Positive School Environment     

Peter L. Sheras  Catherine P. Bradshaw 《理论付诸实践》2016,55(2):129-135

Schools have a considerable influence on children's development, through proximal factors such as teachers and curriculum, but also through indirect effects of school policies. Although some policies and programs have the potential to increase stress and burden on students, educators, as well as the broader educational context, several programs have demonstrated a positive impact on the school environment. This article considers the role of some educational policies, programs, and activities related to discipline and teacher behavior, which together influence the school environment. Programs that set high expectations for student performance, healthy social-emotional learning, and positive behavior support are highlighted, due in part to rigorous research demonstrating both their broad reach and their impact on a range of learning and positive behavioral outcomes. Despite the potential significance of policies on the learning environment, there has been limited systematic research documenting the impact of policies on the school environment more broadly. This article concludes by identifying some areas for future study.  相似文献   

Project-based learning in an internship program: A qualitative study of related roles and their motivational attributes     

Abbas Johari  Amy C. Bradshaw 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2008,56(3):329-359

The roles of task, learner, and mentor in a successful project-based instructional technology (IT) internship program were studied in light of contemporary motivation theories. Interns in four different locations were asked to apply their academic experiences in constructing real projects at work under the supervision of their site mentors and academic advisor. Data included tape-recorded intern interviews, status-review notes, e-portfolios, mentor interviews, and mentor evaluations. Data were collected over 6 semesters, from 18 different cases, 4 of which are highlighted here. The study considered the roles of task, learner, and mentors as they are needed to make the most of project-based internship programs. Implications for the design and development of internship and capstone programs, and specifically successful student performance in internship programs, are considered.  相似文献   

Evaluating Intervention Effects in a Diagnostic Classification Model Framework          下载免费PDF全文

Matthew J. Madison  Laine Bradshaw 《Journal of Educational Measurement》2018,55(1):32-51

The evaluation of intervention effects is an important objective of educational research. One way to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention is to conduct an experiment that assigns individuals to control and treatment groups. In the context of pretest/posttest designed studies, this is referred to as a control‐group pretest/posttest design. The transition diagnostic classification model (TDCM) was recently developed to assess growth, defined as change in attribute mastery status over time, in a diagnostic classification model framework. The TDCM, however, does not model multiple groups, and therefore is not able to analyze data from a control‐group pretest/posttest designed experiment. In this study, we extend the TDCM to model multiple groups, thereby enabling the examination of group‐differential growth in attribute mastery and the evaluation of intervention effects. The utility of the multigroup TDCM is demonstrated in the evaluation of an innovative instructional method in mathematics education.  相似文献   

Early changes in Achilles tendon behaviour in vivo following downhill backwards walking     

C. W. Joseph  E. J. Bradshaw  T. P. Furness  J. Kemp  R. A. Clark 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(13):1215-1221

Downhill backwards walking causes repeated, cyclical loading of the muscle–tendon unit. The effect this type of repeated loading has on the mechanical behaviour of the Achilles tendon is presently unknown. This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical response of the Achilles tendon aponeurosis complex following a downhill backwards walking protocol. Twenty active males (age: 22.3 ± 3.0 years; mass: 74.7 ± 5.6 kg; height: 1.8 ± 0.7 m) performed 60 min of downhill (8.5°), backwards walking on a treadmill at ?0.67 m · s^?1. Data were collected before, immediately post, and 24-, 48- and 168-h post-downhill backwards walking. Achilles tendon aponeurosis elongation, strain and stiffness were measured using ultrasonography. Muscle force decreased immediately post-downhill backward walking (P = 0.019). There were increases in Achilles tendon aponeurosis stiffness at 24-h post-downhill backward walking (307 ± 179.6 N · mm^?1, P = 0.004), and decreases in Achilles tendon aponeurosis strain during maximum voluntary contraction at 24 (3.8 ± 1.7%, P = 0.008) and 48 h (3.9 ± 1.8%, P = 0.002) post. Repeated cyclical loading of downhill backwards walking affects the behaviour of the muscle–tendon unit, most likely by altering muscle compliance, and these changes result in tendon stiffness increases.  相似文献   

Conference highlights     

Mary Herring  Abbas Johari  Amy C. Bradshaw  Mary B. Shoffner  Nada Dabbagh  Nathan Lowell 《TechTrends》2001,45(1):8-23

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Learning of Core Disciplinary Ideas: Efficacy Comparison of Two Contrasting Modes of Science Instruction     

David Schuster  William W. Cobern  Betty AJ Adams  Adriana Undreiu  Brandy Pleasants 《Research in Science Education》2018,48(2):389-435

Science curricula and teaching methods vary greatly, depending in part on which facets of science are emphasized, e.g., core disciplinary ideas or science practices and process skills, and perspectives differ considerably on desirable pedagogies. Given the multi-faceted nature of science and the variety of teaching methods found in practice, it is no simple task to determine what teaching approaches might be most effective and for what purposes. Research into relative efficacy faces considerable challenges, with confounding factors, ambiguities, conflations, and lack of controls being threats to validity. We provide a conceptual framework characterizing the many teaching strategies found in practice as being variants of two fundamental contrasting epistemic modes, and we disentangle conflations of terms and confusions of constructs in both teaching practice and research. Instructional units for two science topics were developed in parallel in the alternative epistemic modes, differing in concept learning paths but otherwise equivalent. We conducted a randomized controlled study of the comparative efficacy of the two modes for learning core disciplinary ideas, using operationally defined active-direct and guided-inquiry teaching methods. Five middle school teachers taught each unit in both modes over 4 years of classroom trials in an 8-day summer program for eighth grade students. Student understanding of core ideas was assessed using pre- and post-tests, and learning gains were analyzed by mode, teacher, topic, and trial year. Although routes to concept understanding were very different in the two modes, eventual student learning gains were similar, within statistical variation. Efficacy variations between and within teachers were greater than between modes, indicating the importance of teacher effects on student achievement. Findings suggest that teachers need not be bound to one mode throughout and can flexibly decide on the pedagogical approach for each concept and situation, on several grounds other than efficacy of core content acquisition alone.  相似文献