Positive and negative successive contrast effects following multiple shifts in reward magnitude under high drive and immediate reinforcement     

Frederick R. Maxwell  Richard S. Calef  D. W. Murray  J. C. Shepard  R. A. Norville 《Learning & behavior》1976,4(4):480-484

Multiple shifts in reward amount were given to rats in a straight runway. Both positive and negative contrast effects were observed. A positive contrast effect was observed, however, only if the shift from small to large reward occurred while the subject was evidencing a negative contrast effect. Implications for current conceptions of reinforcement contrast are discussed.  相似文献   

T.V. LANGUAGE AID     

Robert McCann  Isabel Maxwell  Katherine Wassell 《Learning, Media and Technology》1975,1(3):7-11

  相似文献   

Promoting Interaction with Children using Augmentative Communication through a Peer‐directed Intervention     

Mark Carter  Katrina Maxwell 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》1998,45(1):75-96

One factor that is critical to the successful integration of children using augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems is establishing interaction with peers. AAC systems have the potential to increase the opportunities for interaction, but successful social interaction is dependent on a range of factors including the communicative knowledge, skills, and attitudes of partners. The present study attempted to increase the quantity of social interaction in classroom settings between children (aged 5 to 9 years) using AAC systems and their peers. A multifaceted intervention was directed at communicative partners, and most particularly, peers. The study was 15 weeks in duration and utilised a multiple baseline across subjects design. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of an intervention to increase social interaction.  相似文献   

Cultural and linguistic diversity in early childhood teacher preparation: The impact of contextual characteristics on coursework and practica   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Chih-Ing Lim  Kelly L. Maxwell  Harriet Able-Boone  Catherine R. Zimmer 《Early childhood research quarterly》2009

The population of children in early childhood settings is becoming increasingly culturally and linguistically diverse, and these changes in demographics have warranted teachers becoming more culturally responsive and better prepared to work with diverse young children and families. Teacher preparation programs across the nation have responded differently to this critical issue, in part because of the different contexts in which they exist. Analyses were conducted using data from the National Prekindergarten Center’s (NPC) National Study of Early Childhood Teacher Preparation Programs and the National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES) Integrated Post-Secondary Education Dataset (IPEDS). Geographical, program, and institutional characteristics were analyzed from a sample of 416 Bachelor’s degree programs to determine how these variables were associated with the amount of diversity content and experience required in teacher preparation programs. Results indicated that the presence of non-White full-time faculty was positively related to more required coursework focused on working with children and families from culturally diverse backgrounds, while degree of urbanization, governance of institutions, and National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education accreditation were associated with required coursework focused on working with bilingual children and English language learners. The percentage of the non-Hispanic White population in a state and geographic region were both associated with practica requirements focused on working with bilingual children and English language learners. Implications and recommendations for policy, future research, and early childhood teacher preparation are discussed.  相似文献   

In-service Initial Teacher Education in the Learning and Skills Sector in England: Integrating Course and Workplace Learning     

Bronwen Maxwell 《Vocations and Learning》2010,3(3):185-202

The aim of the paper is to advance understanding of in-service learning and skills sector trainee teachers’ learning and propose ways of improving their learning. A conceptual framework is developed by extending Billett’s (International Journal of Educational Research 47:232–240, 2008) conceptualisation of workplace learning, as a relationally interdependent process between the opportunities workplaces afford for activities and interactions and how individuals engage with these, to a third base of participation, the affordances of the initial teacher education course. Hager and Hodkinson’s (British Educational Research Journal 35:619–638, 2009) metaphor of ‘learning as becoming’ is used to conceptualise the ways trainees reconstruct learning in a continuous transactional process of boundary crossing between course and workplace. The findings of six longitudinal case studies of trainees’ development, and evidence from other studies, illustrate the complex interrelationships between LSS workplace affordances, course affordances and trainee characteristics and the ways in which trainees reconstruct learning in each setting. The experience of teaching and interacting with learners, interactions with colleagues, and access to workplace resources and training are important workplace affordances for learning. However, some trainees have limited access to these affordances. Teaching observations, course activities and experiences as a learner are significant course affordances. Trainees’ beliefs, prior experiences and dispositions vary and significantly influence their engagement with course and workplace affordances. It is proposed that better integration of course and workplace learning through guided participation in an intentional workplace curriculum and attention to the ways trainees choose to engage with this, together with the use of practical theorising has the potential to improve trainee learning.  相似文献   

Alterations in Body Size and Composition Consequent to Astro-Trimmer and Slim-Skins Training Programs     

Jack H. Wilmore  Anne E. Atwater  Bess D. Maxwell  Dorothy L. Wilmore  Stefan H. Constable  Michael J. Buono 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):90-92

Tennis is an activity requiring both endurance and anaerobic components, which could have immunosuppressive effects postexercise.

Purpose

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of a simulated tennis match on apoptotic and migratory markers on lymphocyte subsets.

Method

Male high school (n = 5) and college (n = 3) tennis players (M _age = 18.9 ± 3.3 years) completed 10 sets of a tennis protocol including serves, forehand strokes, and backhand groundstrokes with 1-min rest periods between sets. Apoptosis antigen 1 receptor (CD95) and chemokine receptor fractalkine (CX₃CR1) expression was analyzed on helper T lymphocytes (CD4+), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+), and B lymphocytes (CD19+) twice, at resting baseline and immediately after all 10 sets of the tennis protocol.

Results

An increase was observed in each lymphocyte subtype (p < .02, effect size = .41), and comparison of absolute changes revealed increases in CD4+/CD95+, CD8+/CD95+, and CD8+/CX₃CR1 lymphocytes following the tennis protocol (p < .01, effect size = .43), but not in CD19+ cells.

Conclusions

A simulated tennis match has adequate intensity to induce immune modulations in terms of increased cell death and cellular migration in T lymphocyte subsets. Lymphocytopenia following tennis play is influenced by both apoptotic and migratory mechanisms.  相似文献   

Strategy Selection and Metacognition     

Maxwell J. Roberts  George Erdos 《教育心理学》1993,13(3-4):259-266

The concept of metacognition is one of the most important developments in the contemporary study of cognition, especially with regard to problem solving and the transfer of cognitive skills. Its study has followed the experimental paradigm with researchers looking for universal principles; metacognition has only a small role to play in looking for explanations of individual differences in cognition. In this paper we are attempting a theoretical analysis of a number of interrelated issues with regard to their importance for metacognition in the light of some current empirical work. It considers mainly the role of these processes in strategy selection, especially in light of the impasse‐based theories of problem solving, and explores the relationship of individual differences to metacognition.  相似文献   

Shaping the Agenda of Local Daily Newspapers: A Methodology Merging the Agenda Setting and Community Structure Perspectives     

Maxwell McCombs  Marcus Funk 《Mass Communication and Society》2013,16(6):905-919

Community structure research investigates the influence of the local community and specific demographic groups in the community on the degree of emphasis that particular public issues receive in a local newspaper. In contrast to this internal source of influence, intermedia agenda setting emphasizes the external influence of other news media and the national journalistic culture on the news decisions of local daily newspapers. To invoke a cliché, the agenda-setting and community structure perspectives are opposite sides of the same coin and should be considered in tandem. The research design and procedure for statistical analysis presented here, which involves the simultaneous investigation of the influence resulting from community structure and intermedia agenda setting, is a path for new research that can present a detailed explication of the balance between local and national influence on the issue agenda of local daily newspapers.  相似文献   

A look at the constancy principle under changing market conditions     

Maxwell E. McCombs 《Journal of Media Economics》2013,26(2):23-36

How the principle of relative constancy of media spending has fared across time is explored in this study. The authors use both income‐share and time‐trend regression models to study consumer spending on media in the U.S. since 1929. They conclude that the principle of relative constancy clearly held from 1929 to 1974, but that evidence since that time (which corresponds with the emergence of cable television and VCRs) is unclear, although partially supporting the principle.  相似文献   

Implementation of instructional innovations in K-8 science classes: perspectives of inservice teachers     

Pradeep Maxwell Dass 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(9):969-984

The Iowa Chautauqua Programme (ICP) was disseminated through the National Diffusion Network (NDN) of the US Department of Education as an exemplary model of professional development for inservice science teachers. As a result, several new professional development programmes, emulating the Iowa Chautauqua model, were initiated in diverse settings across the USA. Adhering closely to the principal features of the ICP, the Collier Chautauqua Programme (CCP) was developed in Collier County, Florida. Teacher concerns associated with classroom implementation of instructional innovations promoted by the programme were studied qualitatively during the first year of programme implementation. Data were collected through individual and focus group interviews, workshop and classroom observations, and pre-formatted teacher journals. These data were analysed using the stages of concern (SoC) of the concerns based adoption model (CBAM) as the conceptual framework. Results reveal intricate relationships between classroom implementation by teachers and programme implementation by the school district.  相似文献