Use of saliva for assessment of stress and its effect on the immune system prior to gross anatomy practical examinations     

S. Reid Lester  Jason R. Brown  Jeffrey E. Aycock  S. Lee Grubbs  Roger B. Johnson 《Anatomical sciences education》2010,3(4):160-167

The objective of this study was to determine the longitudinal effects of a series of stressful gross anatomy tests on the immune system. Thirty‐six freshman occupational therapy students completed a written stress evaluation survey, and saliva samples were obtained at baseline and prior to each of three timed‐practical gross anatomy tests. Cortisol, secretory IgA (sIgA), and IL‐12 concentrations were measured within the salivary samples by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The total scores from the stress surveys were used as markers for environmental stress. Data were compiled for each student at baseline and prior to each examination and were compared by repeated‐measures MANOVA and Pearson's correlation test. Following normalization for protein concentration and flow rate, the concentrations of IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐12, and sIgA progressively increased from baseline to the third test. Cortisol concentrations, following normalization for flow rate, were highest prior to the first test and became significantly reduced prior to second and third test. Prior to second and third test, salivary concentrations of IL‐6, IL‐2, IL‐12, and sIgA were significantly correlated (P < 0.05). In contrast, prior to third test, there was a negative correlation between salivary concentrations of cortisol and IL‐12 (P < 0.05). Progressive increases in salivary sIgA, IL‐6, IL‐2, and IL‐12 concentrations from the first to the third test coincident to decreased salivary cortisol suggest that the initial examination stressors precede significant effects on the immune system. These data suggest that there may be latent effects of examination stress on the immune system and that saliva can be used to predict these effects. Anat Sci Educ. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.  相似文献   

“Take the Fifth”: Mentoring Students Whose Cultural Communities Were Not Historically Structured Into U.S. Higher Education     

Jualynne E. Dodson  Beronda L. Montgomery  Lesley J. Brown 《Innovative Higher Education》2009,34(3):185-199

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NCAA football television viewership: Product quality and consumer preference relative to market expectations     

Katie M. Brown  Steven Salaga 《Sport Management Review》2018,21(4):377-390

The authors estimate the determinants of college football television viewership across the full quality spectrum of contests and test whether consumer preferences vary based on changes in the attributes of the core product. They utilize national television viewership data at the individual game level over a three season period and estimate numerous consumer demand models using zero-truncated negative binomial regression. The results indicate a lack of support for anticipated outcome uncertainty, but support for contests where actual outcomes are closer than market expectations. Consumer preferences are not consistent across game qualities, which may indicate that game type is linked to variation in the consumer base and reference-dependent preferences. The findings may also explain why the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis is supported in some contexts, but not others. Preference for absolute quality also dominates preference for relative quality. This finding has important implications for contest scheduling. Given the common practice of advance scheduling creates sub-optimal conference and network television schedules, stakeholders could be leaving television revenues on the table.  相似文献   

Factors affecting occlusion pressure and ischemic preconditioning     

Henry Brown  Martyn J. Binnie  Brian Dawson  Nicola Bullock  Brendan R. Scott  Peter Peeling 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(3):387-396

Purpose: To determine the effect of limb selection (upper/lower), cuff width (small (6?cm)/medium (13?cm) upper; medium/large (18?cm) lower) and anthropometry on arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) in ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Methods: Twenty athletes (10 females and 10 males) had surface anthropometry and dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessments before using Doppler ultrasound to confirm AOP for each limb. Subsequently, 5?min of occlusion occurred, with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measuring muscle oxygenation changes. Resultant AOP was compared between sexes, limbs and cuff sizes using linear regression models. Results: Mean AOP was higher in the lower limbs than the upper limbs (161?±?18 vs. 133?±?12?mm?Hg; p?p?p?=?.222). Sex and resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) accounted for 77% (small cuff) to 83% (medium cuff) of variance in AOP for upper limbs, and 61% (medium cuff) to 63% (large cuff) in lower limbs. Including anthropometry accounted for 82% (small cuff) to 89% (medium cuff) and 78% (medium cuff) to 79% (large cuff) of variance for upper and lower limbs, respectively. Adding DXA variables improved the explained variance up to 83% (small cuff) to 91% (medium cuff) and 79% (medium cuff) to 87% (large cuff) for upper and lower limbs, respectively. NIRS data showed significantly greater tissue oxygenation changes in upper versus lower limbs. Conclusions: The AOP in athletes is dependent on limb occluded, sex, SBP, limb and cuff size, and body composition.  相似文献   

Quantifying the effects of acute hypoxic exposure on exercise performance and capacity: A systematic review and meta-regression     

Sanjoy K. Deb  Daniel R. Brown  Lewis A. Gough  Christopher P. Mclellan  Paul A. Swinton  S. Andy Sparks 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(2):243-256

Objective: To quantify the effects of acute hypoxic exposure on exercise capacity and performance, which includes continuous and intermittent forms of exercise. Design: A systematic review was conducted with a three-level mixed effects meta-regression. The ratio of means method was used to evaluate main effects and moderators providing practical interpretations with percentage change. Data sources: A systemic search was performed using three databases (Google scholar, PubMed and SPORTDiscus). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Inclusion was restricted to investigations that assessed exercise performance (time trials (TTs), sprint and intermittent exercise tests) and capacity (time to exhaustion test, TTE) with acute hypoxic (<24?h) exposure and a normoxic comparator. Results: Eighty-two outcomes from 53 studies (N?=?798) were included in this review. The results show an overall reduction in exercise performance/capacity ?17.8?±?3.9% (95% CI ?22.8% to ?11.0%), which was significantly moderated by ?6.5?±?0.9% per 1000 m altitude elevation (95% CI ?8.2% to ?4.8%) and oxygen saturation (?2.0?±?0.4%; 95% CI ?2.9% to ?1.2%). TT (?16.2?±?4.3%; 95% CI ?22.9% to ?9%) and TTE (?44.5?±?6.9%; 95% CI ?51.3% to ?36.7%) elicited a negative effect, whilst indicating a quadratic relationship between hypoxic magnitude and both TTE and TT performance. Furthermore, exercise less than 2 min exhibited no ergolytic effect from acute hypoxia.

Summary/Conclusion: This review highlights the ergolytic effect of acute hypoxic exposure, which is curvilinear for TTE and TT performance with increasing hypoxic levels, but short duration intermittent and sprint exercise seem to be unaffected.  相似文献   

From the kids to ‘The Kids’ – the development of negative social capital I a Little League Baseball organization     

Sean F. Brown 《Sport in Society》2018,21(10):1592-1624

Abstract

Based on extensive fieldwork within a youth baseball league in the American Southwest, this paper has two goals. First, I make a conceptual distinction between the dark side of social capital and what I term “negative social capital.” Second, I detail how negative social capital developed and was deployed within the Valley City Little League, with an emphasis on origins and the consequences for both the individuals involved as well as the league as a whole. I also examine how negative social capital was able to develop in a child-centered voluntary organization, an anomaly within extant research on negative relationships in such organizations.  相似文献   

Epilogue: a discussion of the connections between youth sport and social capital     

Sean F. Brown 《Sport in Society》2018,21(10):1625-1640

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Driving fatigue     

I D Brown 《Endeavour》1982,6(2):83-90

Fatigue is a common experience usually associated in the public mind with prolonged work. Research on the subject over some sixty years has, however, produced conflicting evidence on the nature of fatigue and it is therefore not surprising that scientists still differ on its definition. Nevertheless, political decisions of far-reaching importance have to be made in the hope of controlling the effects of fatigue on road safety. An attempt is made to present a scientific understanding of fatigue, from which it appears that some of our current legislation on professional drivers' hours of work is actually counterproductive.  相似文献   

Audio tapes as an instructional device in college mathematics     

Robert D. McMillan  Eddie J. Brown 《科学教学研究杂志》1971,8(4):369-371

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Evaluation of an orientation, mobility, and living skills workshop for blind children     

G D Brown  W E Jessen 《Exceptional children》1968,35(3):239-240

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