大脑可塑性和儿童认知能力研究进展对我国学校体育改革的启示     

董进霞  钟秉枢  布鲁斯·维科斯乐 《体育与科学》2014,(6):101-105

以大脑认知开发为着眼点的教育改革是国际上新近出现的一个值得关注的现象。本文全面介绍和分析了脑科学、认知能力和体育活动关系研究方面的新动态、重点关注的问题和主要结论,包括:人的大脑结构和功能是变化发展的,教育对大脑可塑性影响很大;依据大脑可塑性理论,儿童的认知能力是发展变化的;体育活动对大脑的发展和认知能力发展有积极的作用。这些研究将对我国的教育改革、体育活动在教育中的地位和价值带来一定的影响。  相似文献   

Precision prediction based on ranked list coherence   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Steve Cronen-Townsend  Yun Zhou  W. Bruce Croft 《Information Retrieval》2006,9(6):723-755

We introduce a statistical measure of the coherence of a list of documents called the clarity score. Starting with a document list ranked by the query-likelihood retrieval model, we demonstrate the score's relationship to query ambiguity with respect to the collection. We also show that the clarity score is correlated with the average precision of a query and lay the groundwork for useful predictions by discussing a method of setting decision thresholds automatically. We then show that passage-based clarity scores correlate with average-precision measures of ranked lists of passages, where a passage is judged relevant if it contains correct answer text, which extends the basic method to passage-based systems. Next, we introduce variants of document-based clarity scores to improve the robustness, applicability, and predictive ability of clarity scores. In particular, we introduce the ranked list clarity score that can be computed with only a ranked list of documents, and the weighted clarity score where query terms contribute more than other terms. Finally, we show an approach to predicting queries that perform poorly on query expansion that uses techniques expanding on the ideas presented earlier.

W. Bruce CroftEmail:

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Melissa Shiff's Ark/Archa     

Bruce Jenkins 《Curator: The Museum Journal》2007,50(3):355-357

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Towards a More Inclusive Profession: Teacher recruitment and ethnicity     

Bruce Carrington  Richard Tomlin 《欧洲师范教育杂志》2000,23(2):139-157

Since coming to office in May 1997, the British Labour Government, with its commitment to social inclusion, has undertaken various policy initiatives to broaden access to public sector occupations, including teaching. In this paper, we focus on the participation of ethnic minority students in the Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE). We present the findings of a national empirical study drawing on data from a questionnaire survey and interviews with PGCE staff and students. Particular consideration is given to the students' motives for entering teaching and their images of the profession; the factors influencing their choice of course and institution; their experiences during training and their perceptions of the constraints upon ethnic minority recruitment. We also consider the strategies employed by PGCE staff to attract and retain ethnic minority recruits to the PGCE, and examine the dilemmas that they face when responding to ethnic diversity. We conclude with a discussion of the policy implications of the research and a commentary on the methodology employed in the research. Dès son début en mai 1997, le gouvernement travailliste du Royaume-Uni a suivi des politiques favorisant l'accès des minorités aux carrières dans les services publics, y compris celles de l'enseignement. Dans cet exposé, nous nous concentrons sur la participation d'étudiants de minorités ethniques au Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE). Nous présentons les résultats d'une large étude empirique utilisant les données obtenues à partir d'une enquête nationale et d'entretiens avec les professeurs et les étudiants du PGCE. En particulier, nous examinons les motivations qui font que les e´tudiants choisissent une carrière d'enseignant et leur image de la profession; les influences sur leur choix de cours et d'université; leurs expériences pendant la formation et leur avis sur les contraintes qui empêchent le recrutement des minorités ethniques. Nous discutons aussi les stratégies suivies par les universités pour attirer et retenir les e´tudiants de minorités ethniques, et nous examinons les dilemmes qui se présentent. Finalement, nous discutons des portées de cette recherche sur la politique nationale, et de la méthodologie de l'étude. Desde la instauración del gobierno laborista Británico en Mayo de 1997, y dado su compromiso en materia de inclusión social, éste ha llevado a cabo varias iniciativas con el fin de ampliar el acceso a las ocupaciones del sector público, incluyendo la profesión de educador, a las minorías étnicas. En este artículo, los autores examinan la participación de estudiantes en los Programas de Post-Graduados en Educación (PGCE) en Inglaterra y Gales. Se presentan los resultados de un estudio de gran escala obtenido a través de la aplicación de un cuestionario nacional y de entrevistas con el personal y los estudiantes de los programas de PGCE. Se presta atención especial a la motivación de los estudiantes para ingresar a la profesión de educador y a la imagen que tienen de la profesión; los factores que influencian su elección tanto de programa como de institución; sus experiencias durante la formación; y sus percepciones sobre las dificultades del reclutamiento de minorías étnicas. Los autores también consideran las estrategias empleadas por el personal de los programas del PGCE para atraer y retener a alumnos de minorías étnicas y examinan los dilemas que se encuentran frente a la diversidad étnica. El artículo concluye con una discusión sobre las implicaciones de esta investigación en las políticas. Seit ihrem Antritt im Mai 1997 hat die neue Britische Regierung eine Politik der Erleichterung des Zuganges fuer Vertreter ethnischer Minderheiten in Berufe des öffentlichen Dienstes verfolgt. Diese Politik schliesst auch den Berufsstand der Lehrer ein. Der vorliegende Beitrag konzentriert sich auf Studenten ethnischer Minderheiten, die an PGCE Programmen in England und Wales teilnehmen. Es werden Ergebnisse einer grossangelegten Studie präsentiert, deren Daten aus einer landesweiten Umfrage (per Fragebogen) und Interviews von Lehrern und Studenten der PGCE Programme stammen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wurde auf folgende Aspekte gerichtet: Was ist die Motivation der Studenten das Lehrfach zu wählen? Welche Vorstellungen haben die Studenten von dem von ihnen gewählten Beruf? Welche Faktoren beeinflusste sie bei der Wahl ihrer Kurse und Ausbildungsstaette? Welche Eindrücke und Erfahrungen machten sie während der Ausbildung? Wie schätzen sie die Probleme und Hindernisse bei der Anwerbung von Vertretern ethnischer Minderheiten für den Lehrerberuf ein? Strategien von PGCE Lehrern eingeschriebene Studenten etnischer Minderheiten zu behalten und neue anzuwerben wurden ebenso bedacht, wie auch die Probleme die daraus entstehen können. Der Beitrag endet mit einer Diskussion von möglichen Auswirkungen der Studie auf die von der britischen Regierung verfolgten Politik.  相似文献   

Executive Functions in Young Children with Autism   总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17  

Elizabeth M. Griffith  Bruce F. Pennington  Elizabeth A. Wehner  & Sally J. Rogers 《Child development》1999,70(4):817-832

The executive dysfunction hypothesis of autism has received support from most studies of older people with autism; however, studies of young children have produced mixed results. Two studies are presented that compare the performance of preschoolers with autism (mean = 51 months/4.3 years of age) to a control group matched on age, and verbal and nonverbal ability. The first study (n = 18 autism and 17 control) found no group differences in performance on 8 executive function tasks (A not B, Object Retrieval, A not B with Invisible Displacement, 3-Boxes Stationary and Scrambled, 6-Boxes Stationary and Scrambled, and Spatial Reversal), but did find that children with autism initiated fewer joint attention and social interaction behaviors. The second (longitudinal) study of a subset of the children (n = 13 autism and 11 control) from the first study found that neither groups' performance on Spatial Reversal changed significantly over the course of a year. The results of these studies pose a serious challenge to the executive dysfunction hypothesis of autism.  相似文献   

The not‐so‐mysterious case of the lousy instructor     

Bruce R. Hitchcock 《Performance Improvement》2003,42(5):5-7

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The Critical Role of Stereopsis in Virtual and Mixed Reality Learning Environments     

Bruce Wainman  Giancarlo Pukas  Liliana Wolak  Sylvia Mohanraj  Jason Lamb  Geoffrey R. Norman 《Anatomical sciences education》2020,13(3):401-412

Anatomy education has been revolutionized through digital media, resulting in major advances in realism, portability, scalability, and user satisfaction. However, while such approaches may well be more portable, realistic, or satisfying than traditional photographic presentations, it is less clear that they have any superiority in terms of student learning. In this study, it was hypothesized that virtual and mixed reality presentations of pelvic anatomy will have an advantage over two-dimensional (2D) presentations and perform approximately equal to physical models and that this advantage over 2D presentations will be reduced when stereopsis is decreased by covering the non-dominant eye. Groups of 20 undergraduate students learned pelvic anatomy under seven conditions: physical model with and without stereo vision, mixed reality with and without stereo vision, virtual reality with and without stereo vision, and key views on a computer monitor. All were tested with a cadaveric pelvis and a 15-item, short-answer recognition test. Compared to the key views, the physical model had a 70% increase in accuracy in structure identification; the virtual reality a 25% increase, and the mixed reality a non-significant 2.5% change. Blocking stereopsis reduced performance on the physical model by 15%, on virtual reality by 60%, but by only 2.5% on the mixed reality technology. The data show that virtual and mixed reality technologies tested are inferior to physical models and that true stereopsis is critical in learning anatomy.  相似文献   

National Survey on Canadian Undergraduate Medical Programs: The Decline of the Anatomical Sciences in Canadian Medical Education     

Jasmine Rockarts  Danielle Brewer-Deluce  Ari Shali  Vian Mohialdin  Bruce Wainman 《Anatomical sciences education》2020,13(3):381-389

The anatomical sciences have always been regarded as an essential component of medical education. In Canada, the methodology and time dedicated to anatomy teaching are currently unknown. Two surveys were administered to course directors and discipline leaders to gain a comprehensive view of anatomical education in Canadian medical schools. Participants were queried about contact hours (classroom and laboratory), content delivery and assessment methods for gross anatomy, histology, and embryology. Twelve schools responded to both surveys, for an overall response rate of 64%. Overall, Canadian medical students spend 92.8 (± 45.4) hours (mean ± SD) studying gross anatomy, 25.2 (± 21.0) hours for histology, and 7.4 (± 4.3) hours for embryology. Gross anatomy contact hours statistically significantly exceeded those for histology and embryology. Results show that most content is delivered in the first year of medical school, as anatomy is a foundational building block for upper-year courses. Laboratory contact time for gross anatomy was 56.8 (± 30.7) hours, histology was 11.4 (± 16.2) hours, and embryology was 0.25 (± 0.6) hours. Additionally, 42% of programs predominantly used instructor/technician-made prosections, another 33% used a mix of dissection and prosections and 25% have their students complete cadaveric dissections. Teaching is either completely or partially integrated into all Canadian medical curricula. This integration trend in Canada parallels those of other medical schools around the world where programs have begun to decrease contact time in anatomy and increase integration of the anatomical sciences into other courses. Compared to published American data, Canadian schools offer less contact time. The reason for this gap is unknown. Further investigation is required to determine if the amount of anatomical science education within medical school affects students' performance in clerkship, residency and beyond.  相似文献   

Early Literacy Predictors and Second-Grade Outcomes in Children Who Are Hard of Hearing     

J. Bruce Tomblin  Jake Oleson  Sophie E. Ambrose  Elizabeth A. Walker  Mary P. Moeller 《Child development》2020,91(1):e179-e197

This study contrasted the early literacy outcomes of children who are hard of hearing (CHH) with children with normal hearing (CNH). At age 5, prereading skills of oral language, phonological processing, and print knowledge were examined in CHH (N = 180) and CNH (N = 80). The CHH had poorer oral language and phonological processing abilities than the CNH but comparable knowledge of print. At age 8, measures of word reading, and reading comprehension yielded no differences between CHH (N = 108) and CNH (N = 62) except for reading comprehension for the moderately severe CHH. Reading achievement in CHH was found to exceed predictions based on prereading performance. This resilience was associated with gains in oral language during the early school years.  相似文献   

Child and adolescent multidimensional self‐concept: A five‐instrument factor analysis     

Bruce A. Bracken  Sherry Bunch  Timothy Z. Keith  Patricia B. Keith 《Psychology in the schools》2000,37(6):483-493

The factor structure of five self‐concept scales from a hierarchical, multidimensional theoretical model was investigated. The Coopersmith Self‐Esteem Inventory, Multidimensional Self Concept Scale, Piers‐Harris Self‐Concept Scale, Self‐Esteem Index, and the Tennessee Self‐Concept Scale were administered to 221 students in Grades 5 through 8 in a counter‐balanced administration format. The five scales each yielded strong general factors and six dominant factors that coincide with the proposed theoretical model, which reflects social, affect, competence, academic, family, and physical self‐concepts. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献