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981.
Why should we take a broader view of assessment theory and research when constructing measures of school achievement? How might we incorporate a learner's awareness of his or her own learning strategies into the assessment process? How could an assessment developer combine the use of psychological constructs and varying contexts for learning in the assessment of competence in mathematics? 相似文献
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Ross Beaumont Philip Cordery Mark Funnell Stephen Mears Lewis James Phillip Watson 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(19):1920-1927
This study examined effects of 4 weeks of caffeine supplementation on endurance performance. Eighteen low-habitual caffeine consumers (<75 mg · day?1) were randomly assigned to ingest caffeine (1.5–3.0 mg · kg?1day?1; titrated) or placebo for 28 days. Groups were matched for age, body mass, V?O2peak and Wmax (P > 0.05). Before supplementation, all participants completed one V?O2peak test, one practice trial and 2 experimental trials (acute 3 mg · kg?1 caffeine [precaf] and placebo [testpla]). During the supplementation period a second V?O2peak test was completed on day 21 before a final, acute 3 mg · kg?1 caffeine trial (postcaf) on day 29. Trials consisted of 60 min cycle exercise at 60% V?O2peak followed by a 30 min performance task. All participants produced more external work during the precaf trial than testpla, with increases in the caffeine (383.3 ± 75 kJ vs. 344.9 ± 80.3 kJ; Cohen’s d effect size [ES] = 0.49; P = 0.001) and placebo (354.5 ± 55.2 kJ vs. 333.1 ± 56.4 kJ; ES = 0.38; P = 0.004) supplementation group, respectively. This performance benefit was no longer apparent after 4 weeks of caffeine supplementation (precaf: 383.3 ± 75.0 kJ vs. postcaf: 358.0 ± 89.8 kJ; ES = 0.31; P = 0.025), but was retained in the placebo group (precaf: 354.5 ± 55.2 kJ vs. postcaf: 351.8 ± 49.4 kJ; ES = 0.05; P > 0.05). Circulating caffeine, hormonal concentrations and substrate oxidation did not differ between groups (all P > 0.05). Chronic ingestion of a low dose of caffeine develops tolerance in low-caffeine consumers. Therefore, individuals with low-habitual intakes should refrain from chronic caffeine supplementation to maximise performance benefits from acute caffeine ingestion. 相似文献
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One hundred and seventeen students who began kindergarten in 1978-79 were studied to determine effects of beginning school age and gender on later school achievement and retention in grade. No significant differences among the three age groups were found at kindergarten, 2nd, or 4th grade. Differences in achievement between boys and girls were noted. Results are similar to those of other recent studies and suggest that parents and teachers may be unduly cautious when delaying the entry of children to school on the basis of chronological age considerations. Local district studies are recommended. 相似文献
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The purpose of this article was to identify and characterize frequently cited journal publications in the field of emotional/behavioral disorders in children from 1976 to 1985. Based on the frequency of citations in the Social Science Citation Index, 25 frequently cited articles were identified. These articles were compared with randomly selected articles on a number of characteristics (e.g., funding source, research design, statistical method). Implications related to the characteristics and quality of articles that influence the field of emotional/behavioral disorders were discussed. 相似文献
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