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Spheroids that are formed from aggregated cells have enhanced biological function compared to individual cells. In particular, hetero-spheroids composed of different types of cells, such as hepatocytes and endothelial cells, express tissue specific functions at a high level, which is advantageous for more precise drug screening and biological research. In this study, we propose rapid formation of size-controlled three-dimensional hetero-cell aggregates consisting of hepatocytes and endothelial cells using micro-rotation flow. Based on previous data, these aggregates are expected to ultimately become hetero-spheroids. The hepatocytes are coated with collagen gel films less than 200 nm thick, which were experimentally verified to increase adhesion strength between hepatocytes and endothelial cells. Gel-coated hepatocytes and endothelial cells are collected in an array by micro-rotational flow, thereby forming hetero-cell aggregates within 2 min. This array allowed the size of the three-dimensional cell aggregates to be hydrodynamically controlled, with standard deviations of less than 19%, by varying the cell density of the medium without altering the device geometry. Endothelial cells were successfully and uniformly dispersed in the aggregates. The proposed microfluidic device, with its capability of rapidly forming size-controlled hetero-cell aggregates, will offer an efficient experimental platform for future hetero-spheroid study that will contribute to drug screening and regenerative medicine. 相似文献
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Bornstein MH Britto PR Nonoyama-Tarumi Y Ota Y Petrovic O Putnick DL 《Child development》2012,83(1):16-31
The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is a nationally representative, internationally comparable household survey implemented to examine protective and risk factors of child development in developing countries around the world. This introduction describes the conceptual framework, nature of the MICS3, and general analytic plan of articles in this Special Section. The articles that follow describe the situations of children with successive foci on nutrition, parenting, discipline and violence, and the home environment. They address 2 common questions: How do developing and underresearched countries in the world vary with respect to these central indicators of children’s development? How do key indicators of national development relate to child development in each of these substantive areas? The Special Section concludes with policy implications from the international findings. 相似文献
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Guided by theoretical models, this research examines (for the first time within the same design) young American adults' reports of age stereotypes, norms of respect, beliefs about intra‐ and intergenerational communication, and communication satisfaction toward young adult, middle‐aged, and older adult targets. Multivariate analyses showed that as age of target increased so did trait attributions of benevolence, norms of politeness and deference, and communicative respect and satisfaction; however, attributions of personal vitality decreased linearly. Path analyses revealed that the more young adults stereotyped older adults as benevolent and personally vital, the less likely they were to report avoiding communication with them. Deference norms also positively related to the degree of communicative respect afforded older adults and the more respondents reported avoiding communication with them, the less satisfied they were with their intergenerational conversations. 相似文献
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Motoko Akiba Karen Sunday Cockrell Juanita Cleaver Simmons Seunghee Han Geetika Agarwal 《Equity & Excellence in Education》2013,46(4):446-462
State departments of education can play an important role in preparing teachers for effectively teaching diverse learners in our schools through state policies and standards on teacher certification and teacher education program accreditation. We conducted a content analysis of state standards on teacher certification and program accreditation in the 50 states and the District of Columbia to understand the type and characteristics of diversity-related requirements. We found that while all states addressed diversity in their standards, the type and characteristics of requirements varied across the states. The diversity requirements are ambiguous in most states, and only a small number of states utilize a “social reconstructionist” approach that focuses on preparing teachers to identify social inequality and take an active role to achieve educational and social equity. 相似文献
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Higher Education - Positive attributes stick to higher education internationalisation, and it is a policy paradigm with performative effects. Internationalisation draws on imagined virtuous flows... 相似文献