Pupil composition and accountability: An analysis in English primary schools     

Hugh Lauder  Daphne Kounali  Tony Robinson  Harvey Goldstein 《International Journal of Educational Research》2010,49(2-3):49-68

This paper examines the role of social class and prior achievement composition effects on pupils’ progress and the judgements made about school performance. It finds that there are small but significant compositional effects on pupil progress raising questions about how pupils can best be allocated to schools. Comparisons between the official contextual value added model and one that includes composition variables show that school rankings are significantly changed in the latter suggesting that official value added analyses are misleading. This study, therefore, poses a fundamental challenge to policy makers over the determinants of pupil progress and school performance and the way schools are judged, pointing to the need for a re-appraisal of policy relating to these matters.  相似文献   

We, Rigoberta’s Excuse-Makers     

Daphne Patai 《Academic Questions》2012,25(2):190-208

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‘Special sport’ for misfits and losers: educational triage and the constitution of schooled subjectivities     

Daphne Meadmore 《International Journal of Inclusive Education》2013,17(4):353-365

This paper investigates the recent move by the federal government in Australia to manage more closely the primary sector of education through the use of national performance standards. The increasing importance placed on such benchmarks in Years 3, 5 and 7 raises questions about the perceived need to survey and thereby manage the education systems by using this technology as a means of achieving the goals of performativity - accountability and competition. Setting this agenda in a globalized context, it is acknowledged that although the mechanisms for setting and raising standards are very different across the world, the discourse resonates. The paper documents the specifically Australian, and more particularly Queensland, responses to the culture of performance. In this imperative to improve educational outcomes by using national tests, the paper raises persistent questions about the suitability of such tests for children who, for a host of reasons, are different from the monocultural able-bodied mainstream. Through its argument that inclusive practices in primary education are being jeopardized by creeping standardization practices, and despite policy rhetoric to the contrary, the paper demonstrates the seemingly unstoppable forces of performativity evidenced through national standards.  相似文献   

Persisters and nonpersisters: Identifying the characteristics of who stays and who leaves from adult literacy interventions     

Daphne Greenberg  Justin C. Wise  Jan C. Frijters  Robin Morris  Laura D. Fredrick  Victoria Rodrigo  Ryan Hall 《Reading and writing》2013,26(4):495-514

Adult literacy programs are characterized by high attrition rates. Rigorous exploration of student persistence in adult reading classes is lacking. This study was an attempt to understand the profiles of adults who completed reading classes compared to a group of adults who made it to the midpoint and a group of adults who did not make it to the midpoint. Students were offered 100 h of instruction. Of the 395 students who attended the first day of class, only 198 completed the program. Results indicated that English language status, age, some reading related skills, class assignment, avoidance of reading, previous adult education experience, and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) benefit receipt variables significantly predicted persistence. The significance of some of these predictors varied based on analyzing midpoint completion or full completion. To further explore the characteristics of the sample, the most representative participants were selected from the group that did not make it to midpoint and from the group that completed the program. Results indicated that the most representative members of these two groups differed in English language status, gender, age, some reading related skills, and information access.  相似文献   

Programming Pluralism: Using Learning Analytics to Detect Patterns in the Learning of Computer Programming     

Paulo Blikstein  Marcelo Worsley  Chris Piech  Mehran Sahami  Steven Cooper  Daphne Koller 《学习科学杂志》2013,22(4):561-599

New high-frequency, automated data collection and analysis algorithms could offer new insights into complex learning processes, especially for tasks in which students have opportunities to generate unique open-ended artifacts such as computer programs. These approaches should be particularly useful because the need for scalable project-based and student-centered learning is growing considerably. In this article, we present studies focused on how students learn computer programming, based on data drawn from 154,000 code snapshots of computer programs under development by approximately 370 students enrolled in an introductory undergraduate programming course. We use methods from machine learning to discover patterns in the data and try to predict final exam grades. We begin with a set of exploratory experiments that use fully automated techniques to investigate how much students change their programming behavior throughout all assignments in the course. The results show that students’ change in programming patterns is only weakly predictive of course performance. We subsequently hone in on 1 single assignment, trying to map students’ learning process and trajectories and automatically identify productive and unproductive (sink) states within these trajectories. Results show that our process-based metric has better predictive power for final exams than the midterm grades. We conclude with recommendations about the use of such methods for assessment, real-time feedback, and course improvement.  相似文献   

Some new applications of physics to medical investigation     

Daphne F Jackson 《Endeavour》1981,5(2):68-74

Roentgen's discovery of X-rays in 1895 found almost immediate application in medical diagnosis and soon afterwards in therapy. It remains of great importance in both these fields, but in recent years other forms of penetrating radiation have been used in medical investigation. This article reviews recent progress and future possibilities in the light of the basic principles involved.  相似文献   

Economics of information goods: An interdisciplinary subject for Israeli LIS and MBA curricula     

Noa Aharony  Daphne R. Raban 《Library & information science research》2008

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Exploring the links between students' engagement in cooperative learning, their goal preferences and appraisals of instructional conditions in the classroom     

Daphne Hijzen  Monique Boekaerts  Paul Vedder 《Learning and Instruction》2007,17(6):673-687

Previous research suggested that social support, belongingness and mastery goals were related to the quality of cooperative learning (CL). In this in-depth study we explored how to differentiate between four effective CL teams and four ineffective CL teams, in terms of students' goals and perceptions of instructional conditions. Apart from the earlier mentioned goals we found students' preference for social responsibility, learning for a certificate and entertainment goals to be salient in the CL setting. Mastery and social responsibility goals were prevalent in effective teams, while learning for a certificate and entertainment goals were prevalent in ineffective teams. Moreover, the type of task, group composition and teacher support were mentioned as reasons for effective or ineffective CL.  相似文献   

Augmenting the Simple View of Reading for Struggling Adult Readers: A Unique Role for Background Knowledge     

Amani Talwar  Elizabeth L. Tighe  Daphne Greenberg 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2018,22(5):351-366

This study explored the background knowledge (BK) and reading comprehension (RC) relationship for struggling adult readers. Using confirmatory factor analyses, a single-factor BK model exhibited better fit than a two-factor model separating academic knowledge and general information, which indicates that BK represents a unidimensional construct for this population. In addition, one measure of oral vocabulary loaded with a latent factor of BK, which was separable from a latent factor of two additional oral vocabulary subtests. Using structural equation modeling, we found that BK exhibited a direct effect on RC after controlling for participants’ grade level, decoding, listening comprehension, and oral vocabulary.  相似文献   

Children "tune out" in response to the ambiguous communication style of powerless adults     

Bugental DB  Lyon JE  Lin EK  McGrath EP  Bimbela A 《Child development》1999,70(1):214-230

Changes in children's attentional engagement were assessed as a function of their exposure to "teachers" who differed in perceived power and the communication style that is associated with perceived power. In Study 1, "teachers" (women assigned to an instructional role) were selected on the basis of their perceived power; low-power women were more likely than high-power women to display communication ambiguity. Children responded to low-power women with low levels of (1) autonomic orienting (consistent with low attention) and (2) high errors on a cognitively demanding task (mental arithmetic). Attentional disengagement was found to be mediated by the ambiguous communication style of low-power adults. In Study 2, the "teacher" was a confederate who systematically varied the facial and vocal ambiguity of her instructions. Children showed the lowest levels of orienting and the highest level of errors when the "teacher" was ambiguous in both face and voice. Results were interpreted as showing that adult ambiguity (naturally occurring or experimentally produced) leads to reductions in children's attentional engagement.  相似文献