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Derek L. Bosworth 《Research Policy》1980,9(4):378-388
The causes of the transfer of technology between countries is now seen as an important dimension of the diffusion of new products and processes. Despite its obvious importance, there has been little empirical research investigating the international transfer of technology, although the work of Schiffel and Kitti (Research Policy 7 (1978)) provides a useful foundation on which to build. The research reported below tests the hypothesis that the transfer of technology between countries, as measured by the movement of patented invention, is influenced by both supply side and demand side factors. The principal variables are: patenting activity in the country of origin; the size of the recepient economy; international trade in goods and services; and the operations of multinational producing enterprises. These vaiables explain most of the variation across countries in the transfer of U.S. technology abroad. The worldwide distribution of U.S. based multinational enterprises appear to play an important part in explaining U.S. technology tranfer. On the other hand, the remaining international differences in patent law do not seem to significantly affect patent flows between countries. 相似文献
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There has been considerable investment in the use of interactive whiteboard technology in schools in the UK. There is evidence that whilst teachers understand such technology, many do not understand the nature and implications of interactive learning. Observation and analysis of 50 video‐recorded lessons taught by ‘successful’ teachers drawn from mathematics and modern foreign language departments in secondary schools led to the classification of three types of practice representing a spectrum of increasing interactivity. The nature of this good practice was analysed together with criteria for assessing the changes being wrought by technology in approaches to learning and teaching. The investigation concluded that the use of new technology alone cannot lead to enhanced learning. Teachers also need training to develop awareness of the relationship between approaches to interactive learning and conceptual and cognitive development in subject areas. 相似文献
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This paper describes thereanalysis of data obtained in 1987 on themental calculation strategies used by asample of 11-year-olds
in the course of anational survey of schools in England,Wales and Northern Ireland. The mentalskills test was administered
to pupils in aone-to-one situation and the reanalysismade use of classifications of mentalstrategies developed in the past
decade ininternational research. These pupils werea subsample of the main sample of about 10000 who took a written test of
mathematicsin the survey, 247 taking both tests. Thescores on the written test were used todistribute these pupils into three
bands ofattainment in order to compare thefrequency and effectiveness of thestrategies used by pupils of differentlevels of
attainment. Eight of thereanalysed questions are discussed, each ofthem involving one of the four basicarithmetic operations.
Some are purelynumerical and in others the numbers are ina context. Top band pupils mostly preferredsequential strategies
which leave one ofthe numbers in the calculation complete,while the Bottom band generally preferredto split complete numbers
and operateseparately on the components of the numbersthus partitioned. The most popularstrategy for Middle band pupils in
severalquestions was the standard algorithm usedmentally. Complete number strategies werethe most successful for pupils in
all threebands. Possible implications for theNational Numeracy Strategy in Britain arediscussed.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Derek Hodson 《科学教学研究杂志》1984,21(5):489-495
It is standard practice to arrange items in objective tests in order of increasing difficulty, on the assumption that such an arrangement increases student motivation and produces more reliable tests. The validity of this assumption was investigated in the context of a multiplechoice chemistry test. Fifty items were arranged in three sequences of difficulty: random (R), easy-to-hard (E-H) and hard-to-easy (H-E). The mean test score was significantly higher for the test sequenced E-H than for the test sequenced H-E. Item difficulty index was raised by placement of the easier items toward the beginning of the test and lowered by placement of these items toward the end of the test. Test reliability was largely independent of item sequence. 相似文献
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The researchers conducted a grounded theory study to explore the experiences of Muslim American adolescents in high school. Findings indicate that students had to navigate unique challenges because of their religious faith, but those obstacles presented opportunities to confront bias and discrimination. Recommendations for how school counselors can support the development of Muslim American adolescents are presented. 相似文献