Smallholder Information Sources and Communication Pathways for Cashew Production and Marketing in Tanzania: An Ex-post Study in Tandahimba and Lindi Rural Districts,Southern Tanzania     

Brigitte Nyambo  Elly Ligate 《The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension》2013,19(1):73-92

Abstract

Purpose: To identify and review production and marketing information sources and flows for smallholder cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) growers in Tanzania and recommend systems improvements for better technology uptake.

Design/methodology/approach: Two-stage purposive samples were drawn. First, two districts in the main cashew producing areas, one with significant research investment and good marketing infrastructure and the other a counterfactual. Second, two villages were purposively selected from each district to provide the maximum contrast of variables pertinent to the study. Field data were collected using a semi-structured, open-ended questionnaire complimented by field verification and a wrap-up stakeholders' workshop. The data were analysed using chi-square test and the orderly probit model.

Findings: Sources of information and flows varied between districts and villages. For production, the most reliable sources were role model farmers (RMFs), extensionists, radio, on-farm demonstrations, researchers, cashew development centres (CDCs), print media and mobile phones in order of popularity. RMFs, radio programmes, extensionists, interactions with researchers, CDCs and print were the main pathways. For marketing, primary society notice boards, radio announcements, RMFs, extensionists, mobile phones and print were listed in order of popularity. Print media was the least popular due to a low level of literacy among growers. RMFs were popular actors in the information systems irrespective of social-economic background.

Practical implications: Policy change and additional resources are required for improvement of existing information systems. Additionally, incentive structures that will enhance and sustain continued investment in cashew production should be emphasized.

Originality and value: This is the first attempt in the Tanzanian cashew sector to analyse and link social economics of growers with information sources, communication channels and technology uptake.  相似文献   

International and Foreign Communications     

Benjamin D. Singer  Svennik Hoyer  Stig Hadenius  Lennart Weibull 《Communication Booknotes Quarterly》2013,44(6):74-76

Benjamin D. Singer, ed. Communications in Canadian Society (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1975—price not given, paper)

Svennik Hoyer, Stig Hadenius, and Lennart Weibull's The Politics and Exonomics of the Press: A Developmental Perspective (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975—$2.50, paper)  相似文献   

Speed and Accuracy of Movement as Related to Fencing Success     

Robert N. Singer 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):1080-1083

Abstract

Sixty-six college women enrolled in fencing classes provided measures of reaction time, response time, and movement accuracy on a specially designed apparatus. The subjects then foil-fenced in round-robin tournaments. Criterion measures of fencing achievement derived from tournament matches correlated little better than zero with reaction time, response time, and movement accuracy.  相似文献   

Effects of Weight Reduction on Selected Anthropometric,Physical, and Performance Measures of Wrestlers     

Robert N. Singer  Steven A. Weiss 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):361-369

Abstract

Eighteen girth, skinfold, cardiovascular, cable tension strength, and response time measurements were obtained in order to assess the effects of weight reduction on a group of college wrestlers. In 10 of the 18 measurements mean differences were found to be significant at the .05 level from the statistical analysis provided by a repeated measures analysis of variance. It was generally concluded that for the ten subjects studied up to 7 percent of body weight may be lost without adversely affecting factors apparently related to wrestling performance —strength, cardiovascular endurance, and response time.  相似文献   

Problem-posing research in mathematics education: new questions and directions     

Florence Mihaela Singer  Nerida Ellerton  Jinfa Cai 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2013,83(1):1-7

As an introduction to the special issue on problem posing, the paper presents a brief overview of the research done on this topic in mathematics education. Starting from this overview, the authors acknowledge important issues that need to be taken into account in the developing field of problem posing and identify new directions of research, some of which are addressed by the collection of the papers included in this volume.  相似文献   

Future Directions in the Movement Arts and Sciences     

Robert N. Singer 《Quest (Human Kinetics)》2013,65(2):255-263

I argue in this paper that sport should be retained as an important part of the educational rationale for physical education. I consider Siedentop's critique of physical education and his alternative in the form of Sport Education. Siedentop's goals for youth sport and physical education and use of the work of Alisdair McIntyre are explored. It is argued that if we work to experience activities that are inherently pleasurable and intrinsically satisfying, then there is a possible future for activities such as sport. I conclude that school physical education is well placed to take up this challenge of sustaining sport as a moral practice and that the pedagogical tools already exist to do this in the form of a critical pedagogy.  相似文献   

Effective Practices in Undergraduate STEM Education Part 1: Examining the Evidence     

Jay B. Labov  Susan R. Singer  Melvin D. George  Heidi A. Schweingruber  Margaret L. Hilton 《CBE life sciences education》2009,8(3):157-161

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The Influence of Repeated Teaching and Reflection on Preservice Teachers’ Views of Inquiry and Nature of Science     

Christine Lotter  Jonathan Singer  Jenice Godley 《Journal of Science Teacher Education》2009,20(6):553-582

This study describes the influence of a secondary science methods program on secondary science preservice teachers’ views and enactment of nature of science and inquiry-based instructional practices. Built into the structure of this program were three cycles of practice teaching and reflection in which the preservice teachers focused on key pedagogical ideas in classroom settings with middle and high school students. The nine secondary preservice teachers improved both their understanding and enactment of inquiry and nature of science throughout the program period. This study provides evidence of the importance of incorporating multiple low-stakes practicum experiences that are closely tied to methods course goals that are highly scaffolded through both methods instructor and cooperating teacher support and tied to analytic self-reflection.  相似文献   

Rigid body instabilities and the buckling of spherical shells under external pressure     

S.C. Batterman  J. Singer 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1974,298(2):125-131

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Pricing the priceless     

Leslie Singer 《Journal of Cultural Economics》1990,14(1):95-98

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