Avoidance motivation and choking under pressure in soccer penalty shootouts     

Jordet G  Hartmen E 《运动与训练心理学杂志》2008,30(4):450-457

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between shot valence, avoidance behavior, and performance in soccer penalty shootouts. Video analyses were conducted with all penalty shootouts ever held in the World Cup, the European Championships, and the UEFA Champions League (n = 36 shootouts, 359 kicks). Shot valence was assessed from the potential consequences of a shot outcome as follows: Shots where a goal instantly leads to victory were classified as positive valence shots and shots where a miss instantly leads to loss as negative valence shots. Avoidance behavior was defined as looking away from the goalkeeper or preparing the shot quickly (thus speeding up the wait). The results showed that avoidance behavior occurred more with negative valence shots than with positive shots and that players with negative valence shots performed worse than those with positive shots. Thus, avoidance motivation may help explain why professional athletes occasionally choke under pressure.  相似文献   

Kicks from the penalty mark in soccer: the roles of stress, skill, and fatigue for kick outcomes   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Jordet G  Hartman E  Visscher C  Lemmink KA 《Journal of sports sciences》2007,25(2):121-129

The soccer "penalty shootout" in the knock-out phase of major international tournaments is one of the most dramatic events in international soccer. The outcome of these kicks is typically attributed to factors such as psychology (e.g. coping with stress), skill (e.g. kicking technique), physiology (e.g. overcoming the fatigue of 120 min play), and chance (e.g. in what direction the goalkeeper moves). The purpose of this study was to use internet game record data to estimate the relative importance of these performance components for the outcome of penalty kicks in international matches. Data were collected from soccer statistics internet sites on all 41 penalty shootouts and 409 kicks taken in the World Cup, European Championships, and Copa America between 1976 and 2004. The results showed that the importance of the kicks (indicative of stress) was negatively related to the outcomes of the kicks, whereas skill and fatigue were less, or not, related to outcome. It was concluded that psychological components are most influential for the outcome of penalty kicks. We recommend that practitioners work with players to reduce the perceived importance of each kick.  相似文献   

Gross motor skills and sports participation of children with visual impairments     

Houwen S  Visscher C  Hartman E  Lemmink KA 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2007,78(2):16-23

Gross motor skill performance of children with visual impairments and its association with the degree of visual impairment and sports participation was examined. Twenty children with visual impairments (M age = 9.2 years, SD = 1.5) and 100 sighted children (M age = 9.1 years, SD = 1.5) from mainstream schools participated. The results showed that children with visual impairments had significantly lower object control but not locomotor skill scores than the sighted children. No significant differences were found between children with a moderate and severe visual impairment. Children with visual impairments who participated in sports had significantly higher object control skill scores than those who did not. No significant associations between motor skills and sports participation were found in the sighted children.  相似文献   

President's report and reports of the committees of the institute and the committees of its board of managers     

Walton Clark 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1915,179(2):226-227

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Report of the committee on stocks and finance     

Walton Forstall 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1915,179(2):236-238

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Outreach to public health professionals: lessons learned from a collaborative Iowa public health project     

Walton LJ  Hasson S  Ross FV  Martin ER 《Bulletin of the Medical Library Association》2000,88(2):165-171

In 1995, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the Public Health Service (PHS) recommended that special attention be given to the information needs of unaffiliated public health professionals. In response, the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM) Greater Midwest Region initiated a collaborative outreach program for public health professionals working in rural east and central Iowa. Five public health agencies were provided equipment, training, and support for accessing the Internet. Key factors in the success of this project were: (1) the role of collaborating agencies in the implementation and ongoing success of information access outreach projects; (2) knowledge of the socio-cultural factors that influence the information-seeking habits of project participants (public health professionals); and (3) management of changing or varying technological infrastructures. Working with their funding, personnel from federal, state, and local governments enhanced the information-seeking skills of public health professionals in rural eastern and central Iowa communities.  相似文献   

Reading's for when you're bored     

Jennifer Walton 《Literacy》1987,21(3):205-206

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Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation: Report of the 1990 Meeting     

Esther Diamond 《Educational Measurement》1991,10(1):33-33

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Research Abstracts     

Martha Wiser  W. Roberts Richmond  Howard W. Schivera  H. L. Walton  Jane T. Morrison  Melvin Samuels  William R. Read  William J. DeFreis  Dorothy J. Quinlan 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1966,14(1):145-152

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Education,Civic Participation and Identity: Continuity and change in Hong Kong     

Paul Morris  Flora Kan  Esther Morris 《Cambridge Journal of Education》2000,30(2):243-262

This paper firstly identifies the major legacies inherited by the post-colonial government in Hong Kong, with reference to the key features of access, control and curriculum. Subsequently we examine the state's attempts to reconcile the tension between its quest for legitimacy and for stability. Two dimensions of education, namely the process of educational policy making and the nature of citizenship promoted through the school curriculum, are analysed in terms of the conceptions of civic participation and identity promoted and implemented by the state. In conclusion we point to the shift in the policy making process and the strengthening of policy actions designed to promote the state's conception of civic identity.  相似文献