Developmental continuity in theory of mind: speed and accuracy of belief-desire reasoning in children and adults     

Apperly IA  Warren F  Andrews BJ  Grant J  Todd S 《Child development》2011,82(5):1691-1703

On belief-desire reasoning tasks, children first pass tasks involving true belief before those involving false belief, and tasks involving positive desire before those involving negative desire. The current study examined belief-desire reasoning in participants old enough to pass all such tasks. Eighty-three 6- to 11-year-olds and 20 adult participants completed simple, computer-based tests of belief-desire reasoning, which recorded response times as well as error rates. Both measures suggested that, like young children, older children and adults find it more difficult to reason about false belief and negative desires than true beliefs and positive desires. It is argued that this developmental continuity is most consistent with either executive competence or executive performance accounts of the development of belief-desire reasoning.  相似文献   

Cooperative activities in young children and chimpanzees     

Warneken F  Chen F  Tomasello M 《Child development》2006,77(3):640-663

Human children 18-24 months of age and 3 young chimpanzees interacted in 4 cooperative activities with a human adult partner. The human children successfully participated in cooperative problem-solving activities and social games, whereas the chimpanzees were uninterested in the social games. As an experimental manipulation, in each task the adult partner stopped participating at a specific point during the activity. All children produced at least one communicative attempt to reengage him, perhaps suggesting that they were trying to reinstate a shared goal. No chimpanzee ever made any communicative attempt to reengage the partner. These results are interpreted as evidence for a uniquely human form of cooperative activity involving shared intentionality that emerges in the second year of life.  相似文献   

Deaf and hard of hearing children and adolescents in China: their fears and anxieties     

Li H  Prevatt F 《American annals of the deaf》2010,155(4):458-466

The study examined the fears and anxieties of Chinese deaf and hard of hearing children and adolescents, and the ability of parents and teachers to report the presence of these fears and anxieties. Chinese deaf youth are at risk due to a lack of trained teachers, an overemphasis on oral education in schools, negative stereotypes, and parental overprotectiveness. The deaf children and adolescents in the study reported significantly higher levels of total fears, total anxieties, fear of the unknown, fear of injury and small animals, fear of medical procedures, and concentration anxiety than their hearing counterparts. Girls reported more total fears, fear of the unknown, fear of minor injury and small animals, and fear of failure and criticism than boys. Parents showed a better ability than teachers to confirm these reports of fears and anxieties. Implications and directions for future studies are presented.  相似文献   

Pricing and other means of charging for scholarly journals: a literature review and commentary     

Donald W. KING  Frances M. ALVARADO‐ALBERTORIO 《Learned Publishing》2008,21(4):248-272

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Within-class analysis of ninth-grade science students' perceptions of the learning environment     

Douglas Huffman  Frances Lawrenz  Mark Minger 《科学教学研究杂志》1997,34(8):791-804

This study examined perceptions of the learning environment among different subgroups of students within science classes. The purpose was to identify variables that can promote effective science learning environments for all students. Specifically, comparisons were made between the perceptions of male and female students and of black and white students within the same classes. In addition, perceptions of the learning environment were compared for students in classes taught by male and female teachers as well as black and white teachers. A diverse sample of over 1800 ninth-grade science students who attended 13 different high schools across the country participated in this study. Results indicated there were differences between subgroups of students in the same classes concerning perceptions of involvement and difficulty of the class. The implications of these results for science teaching are discussed, as well as recommendations for future science learning environment research. J Res Sci Teach 34: 791–804, 1997.  相似文献   

Developing a Preschool Play-based Curriculum     

Mary Frances Hanline 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》1999,46(3):289-305

The importance of play on a young child's development cannot be understated. Play gives children opportunities to understand the world, interact with others, express and control emotions, develop symbolic capabilities, attempt novel or challenging tasks, solve problems, and practice skills. Play may contribute to the development of posture, movement, and self-sufficiency. There also appears to be a positive relationships between the frequency and complexity of young children's play and IQ, problem-solving, creativity, language and literacy, and social competence. This paper provides a review of the literature and describes the development of a preschool play-based curriculum for children with disabilities.  相似文献   

The precision of data obtained in large-scale science assessments: An investigation of bootstrapping and half-sample replication methods     

Wayne W. Welch  Douglas Huffman  Frances Lawrenz 《科学教学研究杂志》1998,35(6):697-704

Powerful computational procedures are now available to better determine the accuracy of statistical estimates derived from data that have unknown distributions or do not meet parametric requirements. These techniques are generally called resampling plans and include the recently developed bootstrap. Science educators often face the problem of nonnormal distributions especially when conducting large-scale assessments or evaluating national curriculum projects that require complex sampling plans. Resampling techniques permit the researcher to make inferences without the strong distributional assumptions needed for more traditional parametric approaches. In this study, the bootstrap and a simplified version of a half-sample replication are used to examine the precision of science test scores obtained in a large-scale evaluation of Scope, Sequence, and Coordination, a national science curriculum project. The resampling plans are described in some detail and the results are compared with those obtained from parametric methods. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 697–704, 1998.  相似文献   

The Culture of Mexican-Americans: Its Importance for Early Childhood Educators     

Olivia N. Saracho  Frances Martínez-Hancock 《Multicultural Perspectives》2013,15(2):43-50

This paper provides an introduction to the Mexican-American culture, describing (1) cultural diversity and linguistic policies in the United States; (2) cultural and linguistic studies that have examined the backgrounds of Mexican-American individuals; (3) the characteristics of this population; (4) issues on discrimination and human relations; (5) the socioeconomic factors that Mexican-American individuals encountered due to their lack of education; and (6) the predominance of poorly paid and undereducated unskilled workers. Although many Mexican Americans have moved up the social ladder to the middle class, others have not. However, they have a richness of language and culture to share with the school.  相似文献   

The influence of carbohydrate and protein ingestion during recovery from prolonged exercise on subsequent endurance performance     

Betts J  Williams C  Duffy K  Gunner F 《Journal of sports sciences》2007,25(13):1449-1460

Ingesting carbohydrate plus protein following prolonged exercise may restore exercise capacity more effectively than ingestion of carbohydrate alone. The objective of the present study was to determine whether this potential benefit is a consequence of the protein fraction per se or simply due to the additional energy it provides. Six active males participated in three trials, each involving a 90-min treadmill run at 70% maximal oxygen uptake (run 1) followed by a 4-h recovery. At 30-min intervals during recovery, participants ingested solutions containing: (1) 0.8 g carbohydrate x kg body mass (BM)(-1) h(-1) plus 0.3 g kg(-1) h(-1) of whey protein isolate (CHO-PRO); (2) 0.8 g carbohydrate x kg BM(-1) h(-1) (CHO); or (3) 1.1 g carbohydrate x kg BM(-1) h(-1) (CHO-CHO). The latter two solutions matched the CHO-PRO solution for carbohydrate and for energy, respectively. Following recovery, participants ran to exhaustion at 70% maximal oxygen uptake (run 2). Exercise capacity during run 2 was greater following ingestion of CHO-PRO and CHO-CHO than following ingestion of CHO (P< or = 0.05) with no significant difference between the CHO-PRO and CHO-CHO treatments. In conclusion, increasing the energy content of these recovery solutions extended run time to exhaustion, irrespective of whether the additional energy originated from sucrose or whey protein isolate.  相似文献   

Syllabuses in Secondary Schools     

A.W. Whitelaw M.A.  Frances M. Overy 《British Journal of Religious Education》1934,1(1):37-45

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