‘Swimming instruction trust of America’: the Cavill family,borderlands and decentring Australia sport history     

Gary Osmond 《Sport in History》2019,39(1):24-44

The Cavill family of swimmers has been recognised as the ‘first family of Australian swimming’ because of their reputation and achievements as competitive swimmers and for their contributions to swimming promotion, stroke development and instruction in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-centuries. As a family of British migrants based in Sydney, their memory focuses on Anglo-Australian connections. This emphasis overlooks the American dimension of the Cavill legacy – several family members lived, and died, in the USA and made important contributions to swimming in that country, where they were also celebrated as preeminent figures. This article adopts a transnational perspective, particularly borderlands history approaches, to examine this American connection, viewing the, trans-Pacific crossing from Sydney to San Francisco as an under-appreciated sport border zone. The focus is on contributions made to swimming coaching and teaching, with a biographical spotlight on Percy and Sid Cavill, siblings who contributed in these areas over two decades on both sides of the country. By repositioning Australia and the USA in the Cavill swimming narrative, this article contributes to decentring the nation in this realm of sport history.  相似文献   

Comparison of split double and triple twists in pair figure skating     

King DL  Smith SL  Brown MR  McCrory JL  Munkasy BA  Scheirman GI 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2008,7(2):222-237

In this study, we compared the kinematic variables of the split triple twist with those of the split double twist to help coaches and scientists understand these landmark pair skating skills. High-speed video was taken during the pair short and free programmes at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics and the 2003 International Skating Union Grand Prix Finals. Three-dimensional analyses of 14 split double twists and 15 split triple twists from eleven pairs were completed. In spite of considerable variability in the performance variables among the pairs, the main difference between the split double twists and split triple twists was an increase in rotational rate. While eight of the eleven pairs relied primarily on an increased rotational rate to complete the split triple twist, three pairs employed a combined strategy of increased rotational rate and increased flight time due predominantly to delayed or lower catches. These results were similar to observations of jumps in singles skating for which the extra rotation is typically due to an increase in rotational velocity; increases in flight time come primarily from delayed landings as opposed to additional height during flight. Combining an increase in flight time and rotational rate may be a good strategy for completing the split triple twist in pair skating.  相似文献   

Accuracy of sequential sub-field synchronization of multiple digital camcorders through numerical optimization     

Christopher GA  Yoon S  Kwon YH 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2008,7(2):288-295

The use of digital camcorders in biomechanical analyses can introduce errors due to inter-camera time offsets. The faster the motion being recorded the greater the error. A sequential synchronization method was developed in this study to achieve sub-field camera synchronization for multiple camcorders through numerical optimization. A recreational golfer performed ten drives while being recorded with four digital camcorders (60-Hz sampling rate). Video signals were sampled at 10,000 Hz to determine the actual inter-camera time offsets. The optimized inter-camera time offsets were computed based on three markers placed on the shaft, each separated by 200 mm. The inter-camera time offset error was computed as the difference between the optimized and actual inter-camera time offsets. The inter-camera time offset error reduced on average from 0.518 to 0.019 fields (1 field = 16.7 ms) or less due to sequential optimization. The optimized global reconstruction errors were less than 19% of the unadjusted values. It was concluded that the ability to synchronize multiple (two or more) cameras using a sequential sub-field optimization strategy promises to extend the use of relatively inexpensive digital camcorders to motions considered too fast for the low field rates of such cameras. The sequential approach presented provides a balance between computation time and reconstruction accuracy.  相似文献   

The effect of caffeine ingestion on human neutrophil oxidative burst responses following time-trial cycling     

Walker GJ  Dziubak A  Houghton L  Prendergast C  Lim L  Bishop NC 《Journal of sports sciences》2008,26(6):611-619

Following fixed-duration exercise of submaximal intensity, caffeine ingestion is associated with an attenuation of the exercise-induced decline in N-formyl-methionyl-phenyl-alanine (f-MLP) stimulated neutrophil oxidative burst. However, the response following high-intensity exhaustive exercise is unknown. Nine endurance-trained male cyclists ingested 6 mg caffeine or placebo per kilogram of body mass 60 min before cycling for 90 min at 70% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and then performing a time-trial requiring an energy expenditure equivalent to 30 min cycling at 70% maximum power output. Time-trial performance was 4% faster in the caffeine than in the placebo trial (P = 0.043). Caffeine was associated with an increased plasma adrenaline concentration after 90 min of exercise (P = 0.046) and immediately after the time-trial (P = 0.02). Caffeine was also associated with an increased serum caffeine concentration (P < 0.01) after 90 min of exercise and immediately after the time-trial, as well as 1 h after the time-trial. However, the f-MLP-stimulated neutrophil oxidative burst response fell after exercise in both trials (P = 0.002). There was no effect of caffeine on circulating leukocyte or neutrophil counts, but the lymphocyte count was significantly lower on caffeine (20%) after the time-trial (P = 0.003). Our results suggest that high-intensity exhaustive exercise negates the attenuation of the exercise-induced decrease in neutrophil oxidative burst responses previously observed when caffeine is ingested before exercise of fixed duration and intensity. This may be associated with the greater increase in adrenaline concentration observed in the present study.  相似文献   

The ecological treatment of hyperkinesis     

Gary A. Williamson  Robert P. Anderson  N. Catherine Lundy 《Psychology in the schools》1980,17(2):249-256

A model of hyperkinesis is introduced based on an ecological conception. The antecedents of hyperkinetic behavior are provided by a child's family environment, academic environment, and physiologic environment. These factors influence cognitive processes of the child. The consequences of hyperkinetic behavior often are undesirable, and so professional treatment is sought. Based on the ecological approach, effective treatment is multimodal and can involve the child, the family, and the school. No single approach to treatment is effective with all children.  相似文献   

Ideology and Inclusion: A Reply to Croll and Moses     

Gary Thomas  & Jane Tarr 《British Journal of Educational Studies》1999,47(1):17-27

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How Choice Changes the Education System: A Michigan Case Study     

Plank  David  Sykes  Gary 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1999,45(5-6):385-416

In countries around the world policy makers propose that parents should exercise more control over the choice of schools that their children attend. This paper considers the ways in which the introduction of new opportunities for school choice changes the education system. It argues that choice affects the education system as a whole by introducing new actors into the system, by changing the terms of relationships among existing actors, and by creating new pressures within the system that require new responses. The nature, magnitude, and consequences of these effects cannot be predicted in advance, as they depend on a number of factors including the social and economic context. The empirical basis for this paper derives from a case study of the implementation of choice policies in the state of Michigan in the US, but the conceptual issues raised have important implications for the study of school choice wherever such policies are adopted.  相似文献   

Reviews     

Norman Fruman  Gary Crosby Brasor 《Academic Questions》1999,13(1):90-96

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Information appliances and i performance support     

Gary J. Dickelman  Donald Norman 《Performance Improvement》1999,38(7):33-37

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Web quest: porting ‘Quest for Independence’ to the World Wide Web     

Clark N. Quinn  Glenn Ahyong 《Education and Information Technologies》1998,3(1):51-78

The Internet holds promise as a globally interconnected information system, even though its interaction capability is limited. Yet for education, interaction is critical. Can the Internet support high quality learning interactions? We ported an existing interactive instructional program to the world wide web (WWW) to demonstrate the potential of the Internet for interactive education. In this paper we explore the potential technology solutions, implement our solution and indicate the results, both positive and negative. © 1998 IFIP, published by Chapman &; Hall Ltd  相似文献