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This study examines the practical work of a pair of students and an instructor using probeware in a mechanics lab. The aim of the study is to describe and discuss a type of interactional sequence that we refer to as dark matter, the ordinary backdrop to the extraordinary sequences that are easily recognizable as clear-cut instances of learning. Although this work is downplayed in the research literature, describing it is critical to properly understanding lab work as an educational practice. With a focus on the negotiation of disciplined perception, we analyze a number of episodes wherein a pair of students and an instructor struggle with the construction and interpretation of a graph depicting a linear relationship between force and acceleration. We demonstrate an intimate interplay between how the students display their problems and understandings and how the instructor tries to make the subject matter content visible and thus learnable. The analyzed episodes are illuminating with regard to the analytical notion of disciplined perception as applied to graph interpretation; the cognitive and practical competencies involved in producing, recognizing, and understanding graphs in mechanics; and the interactive work by which these competencies are made into objects of learning and instruction. 相似文献
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For more than three centuries broadsheets were an important means of quickly disseminating and commenting on the news of the day. They depicted a wide range of events of historical significance, including some of the more striking celestial phenomena such as the appearance of comets. Those that survive often do no more than repeat knowledge that can readily be gained from conventional sources but some have proved of direct value in making astronomical computations and deductions. 相似文献
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Morten Hauge Nielsen Jan Noergaard Lund Uwe Gustav Kersting 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2020,19(4):547-560
ABSTRACT This study identified the effect of badminton lunging directions on impact characteristics, joint kinetics and measurement reliability. A total of 14 badminton players performed 20 lunges in both forehand and backhand sides. Ground reaction force (GRF) and three-dimensional joint moment variables were determined for further analyses. Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed to determine any differences between the two lunge directions and intra-class correlation (ICC) and sequential averaging analysis (SAA) were used to estimate the minimum number of trials. Compared to the forehand side, participants experienced significantly larger total GRF impulse (+ 3.8%, p = 0.021) and transverse moment (hip + 63.5%, p < 0.001; knee + 80.7%, p = 0.011), but smaller hip (?7.7%), knee (?18.7%) and ankle frontal moments (?58.0%, p < 0.05) in backhand lunges. The minimum number of trials was similar for both lunge directions, as the averaged absolute differences was less than one in both ICC and SAA. Furthermore, smaller minimal number of trials was determined by the ICC (7.9–8.0), compared with the SAA approach (9.5–10.3). Lunge direction would influence GRF and joint loading, but not on the measurement reliability. These results give important insights to establish performance or equipment evaluation protocols during badminton lunges. 相似文献
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This paper addresses student‐teachers' ability to read nature in a woodland habitat before and after a 10‐week ecology course. Reading nature is our definition of the ability to observe, describe and explain basic ecology in the field. Data consists of field‐based pre‐course and post‐course interviews followed up by metacognitive interviews where students analyse their own learning. A bi‐dimensional coding scheme is adopted to examine the range and development of students' ability to read nature. Students find it important to know the ecology of a few key species and they recognize the importance of having learned the language of ecology — ecologish — helping them to describe and discuss ecology. Students generally recognize the excursions as key learning situations in ecology education but they give different reasons for finding excursions so important. This variation will be elaborated in the paper together with the implications for teaching ecology. 相似文献
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Olli Rissanen Tuire Palonen Petteri Pitkänen Gustav Kuhn Kai Hakkarainen 《Vocations and Learning》2013,6(3):347-365
The purpose of the present study was to examine expertise in magic by interviewing 16 prominent Finnish magicians who were identified earlier through a social network analysis of 120 Finnish magicians. A semi-structured interview was administered that addressed the participants’ histories; their relationship to magic, the nature of their expertise, the networked development of expertise, their engagement with magical expertise and their motivation for cultivating such expertise. The results indicated that expertise in magic is cultivated, to a great extent, by informal networks of expertise without formal training. The participants had become excited about magic as children and started to pursue an expertise in the field from a relatively early age (4 to 14 years). In accordance with other domains of expertise, it had taken about 10 years of cultivating skills and competencies before becoming professional in the field, with a few exceptions. Ego-centric network analyses revealed that there were three or four magicians who had significantly shaped the Finnish field of magic and affected most of the participants’ development and career. Most of the participants were clustered, forming a core of Finnish magicians, and those magicians working abroad and collaborating with international magicians were located at the periphery of the Finnish network or formed an isolated network of clusters within it. 相似文献
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Gustav Helldén 《Environmental Education Research》1995,1(3):267-277
This paper reports on a longitudinal study of pupils’ understanding of ecological processes, with emphasis on how their conceptions of matter influence the development of their understanding of those processes. A class of 25 Swedish pupils was followed from age 8 to 15 in an interview study using the revised clinical method. The pupils’ ideas were challenged by cultivating plants in closed transparent boxes and investigating leaf litter. Initially, the pupils expected the plants to die and constructed a ‘use up model’ in their minds to explain how water and air were consumed. When they saw plants survive they used a ‘cycle model’ to explain how the organisms maintained life‐supporting resources. Some pupils thought that water, air and oxygen were formed during the cycle. Many pupils thought that soil is the ending place for matter in decomposition, with the result that the Earth would increase in size. Other pupils constructed explanations as to why the size of the Earth does not change, such as matter disappearance, displacement, modification, transmutation and chemical/biological interaction. Pupils’ ideas about the transformations of matter can be explained by their limited conception of the gaseous state. 相似文献
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Zusammenfassung Durch den immer schwieriger werdenden Wettbewerb und die steigenden Ansprüche der Kunden an Qualit?t hat sich Qualit?tsmanagement
zu einem wichtigen strategischen Managementinstrument entwickelt. Einen besonderen Stellenwert hat die Norm ISO 9000 gewonnen,
die zum Ziel hat, die Qualit?tsf?rderungsma?nahmen der Unternehmen transparenter zu gestalten. Die aktuelle Norm betont insbesondere
den prozessorientierten Ansatz und die Notwendigkeit der kontinuierlichen Verbesserung. Generell wird Qualit?tsmanagement
als Oberbegriff für eine Vielzahl von Managementmethoden verwendet, von denen zentrale Konzepte wie TQM. Benchmarking und
Balanced Scorecard im überblick vorgestellt werden. Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung des Qualit?tsmanagements begründet sich
vor allem durch die Annahme, dass eine hohe Qualit?t des Produktionsprozesses betriebswirtschaftliche Potenziale er?ffnet,
die im Idealfall den Unternehmenserfolg deutlich steigern. Gleichzeitig müssen strategische überlegungen zur Produktqualit?t
und Kosten-Nutzen-Analysen berücksichtigt werden. Besonderheiten für die Bereiche Dienstleistung und Handel werden kurz skizziert.
Ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Entwicklungen veranschaulicht, dass die Bedeutung von Qualit?tsmanagement in Unternehmen in den
n?chsten Jahren weiterhin zunehmen wird.
Summary Quality management in private enterprises Due to stronger competition and growing customer demands concerning quality, quality management has become a significant strategic management tool. The DIN standard ISO 9000, particularly, with the objective of advancing transparency in the methods of quality management used by companies has gained in importance. The current DIN standard places special emphasis on processes and the need for continuous improvement. Quality management refers to a large number of management tools, including TQM, Benchmarking and Balanced Scorecard, which are reviewed briefly. The economic relevance of Quality Management is primarily based on the assumption that high quality production processes increase the potential for commercial success. At the same time it is important to consider overall management strategies as well as cost-benefit analyses. Specials issues regarding the areas of trade and service are briefly sketched. Finally, an outlook on future developments is given, showing that the significance of quality management in companies will increase in the coming years.相似文献
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Gustav Wachter 《Zeitschrift für Hochschulrecht, Hochschulmanagement und Hochschulpolitik: zfhr》2009,8(3):65-72
Beim Rektor ist zwischen der universitätsrechtlichen Wahl und dem mit dem Rektor aus Anlass der Wahl abgeschlossenen Vertrages zu unterscheiden. Die Rektorsfunktion ist eine öffentlich-rechtliche. Für den körperschaftsrechtlichen Akt der Wahl des Rektors ist das Zusammenwirken der beiden Organe Senat und Universitätsrat erforderlich. Die öffentliche Ausschreibung der Funktion des Rektors erfolgt durch den Senat nach Einholung einer Stellungnahme des Universitätsrats. Die in § 23 Abs 2 Satz 2 UG 2002 bestimmten Erfordernisse für den Rektor eröffnen einen überaus weiten Interpretationsspielraum. Sie bringen weder für den Senat noch für den Universitätsrat nennenswerte Beschränkungen mit sich. Der Senat hat einen Dreiervorschlag zu erstellen. Ein Vorschlag mit weniger als drei Personen wird nur dann zulässig sein, wenn trotz Neuausschreibung die Erstattung eines Dreiervorschlags nicht möglich ist. In den Dreiervorschlag dürfen auch Personen aufgenommen werden, die sich nicht beworben haben. Das Wahlverfahren im Universitätsrat ist nur rudimentär geregelt. Die Wahl des Rektors durch den Universitätsrat ist ein öffentlich-rechtlicher Gesamtakt des Kollegialorgans Universitätsrat. Wahl und Anstellungsvertrag des Rektors sind rechtlich klar auseinanderzuhalten. Wahl und Kundmachung des Wahlergebnisses bewirken noch keinen Abschluss des Anstellungsvertrages. Der Anstellungsvertrag wird zwischen dem Rektor und der Universität (vertreten durch den Universitätsrat) abgeschlossen. Es sind darauf die allgemeinen vertragsrechtlichen Bestimmungen der §§ 861 ff ABGB anzuwenden. 相似文献