The Regrettable Necessity of Contingent Valuation     

Richard A. Epstein 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2003,27(3-4):259-274

Ordinary markets allow parties, not the state, to value property and projects. But they do not account for subjective value in such traditional contexts as condemnation. An awareness of these nonmarket values helps overcome any categorical opposition to the use of the contingent valuation method (CVM) to value cultural and environmental resources. But accurate CVM should measure all values, positive or negative, tononowners; it should apply generally to any substitute projects; and it should seek to account for diminishing marginal value of additional resource units. CVM should be used only to aggregate nonmarket preferences, not to skew the political debate to cultural or environmental objectives.  相似文献   

The Model American Foundation Officer: Alan Gregg and the Rockefeller Foundation Medical Divisions     

Schneider  William H. 《Minerva》2003,41(2):155-166

From 1919 to 1951, Alan Gregg and his mentor, Richard Pearce, directed the Medical Education and Medical SciencesDivisions of the Rockefeller Foundation. Although they oversaw the expenditure of millions of dollars, today they are forgotten. Yet, the system that Gregg administered became the model for the funding of biomedical research after the Second World War. This paper draws on the records of the Rockefeller Foundation to assess Gregg and his impact on biomedicine and philanthropy.  相似文献   

40-Jahr-Jubiläum des Deutschen Sportbundes     

H. Becker 《Sportwissenschaft》1991,21(1):106-106

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The reliability of distance run tests for children in grades K-4.     

R E Rikli  C Petray  T A Baumgartner 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》1992,63(3):270-276

The purpose of this study was to determine test-retest reliability for the 1-mile, 3/4-mile, and 1/2-mile distance run/alk tests for children in Grades K-4. Fifty-one intact physical education classes were randomly assigned to one of the three distance run conditions. A total of 1,229 (621 boys, 608 girls) completed the test-retests in the fall (October), with 1,050 of these students (543 boys, 507 girls) repeating the tests in the spring (May). Results indicated that the 1-mile run/walk distance, as recommended for young children in most national test batteries, has acceptable intraclass reliability (.83 less than R less than .90) for both boys and girls in Grades 3 and 4, has minimal (fall) to acceptable (spring) reliability for Grade 2 students (.70 less than R less than .83), but is not reliable for children in Grades K and 1 (.34 less than R less than .56). The 1/2 mile was the only distance meeting minimal reliability standards for boys and girls in Grades K and 1 (.73 less than R less than .82). Results also indicated that reliability estimates remained fairly stable across gender and age groups from the fall to spring testing periods, with the exception of the noticeably improved values for Grade 2 students on the 1-mile run/walk test. Criterion-referenced reliability (P, percent agreement) was also estimated relative to Physical Best and Fitnessgram run/walk standards. Reliability coefficients for all age group standards were acceptable to high (.70 less than P less than .95), except for Fitnessgram standards for 5-year-old girls on the 1-mile test for both fall and spring and for 6-year-old boys and girls on the 1-mile test administered in the spring.  相似文献   

Marketing for small publishers by Bill Gober,Robert Webb and Keith Smith. London: Journeyman Press, 1992. xii, 128 pp. Index. Paperback. £8.99 ISBN 1-85172-035-9     

John A. Vickers 《Learned Publishing》1993,6(3):59-59

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Postexercise energy expenditure following upper body exercise     

D A Sedlock 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》1991,62(2):213-216

This study was designed to examine the magnitude and duration of excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) following upper body exercise, using lower body exercise for comparison. On separate days and in a counterbalanced order, eight subjects (four male and four female) performed a 20-min exercise at 60% of mode-specific peak oxygen uptake (VO2) using an arm crank and cycle ergometer. Prior to each exercise, baseline VO2 and heart rate (HR) were measured during the final 15 min of a 45-min seated rest. VO2 and HR were measured continuously during the postexercise period until baseline VO2 was reestablished. No significant difference between the two experimental conditions was found for magnitude of EPOC (t [7] = 0.69, p greater than .05). Mean (+/- SD) values were 9.2 +/- 3.3 and 10.4 +/- 5.8 kcal for the arm crank and cycle ergometer exercises, respectively. Duration of EPOC was relatively short and not significantly different (t [7] = 0.24, p greater than .05) between the upper body (22.9 +/- 13.7 min) and lower body (24.2 +/- 19.4 min) exercises. Within the framework of the chosen exercise conditions, these results suggest EPOC may be related primarily to the relative metabolic rate of the active musculature, as opposed to the absolute exercise VO2 or quantity of active muscle mass associated with these two types of exercise.  相似文献   

Diagnosing dyslexia: IQ regression plus cut-points.     

R A Dykman  P T Ackerman 《Journal of learning disabilities》1992,25(9):574-576

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Fifty reasons why student achievement gain does not mean teacher effectiveness     

Ronald A. Berk 《Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education》1988,1(4):345-363

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Silverman's RT-PE review: too simple a summary of a complex field.     

P Dodds  J H Placek 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》1991,62(4):365-368

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What is wrong with the modern research university?     

Ronald H. Stein 《Higher Education》1991,21(2):263-266

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