Breaking the filter bubble: democracy and design     

Engin Bozdag  Jeroen van den Hoven 《Ethics and Information Technology》2015,17(4):249-265

It has been argued that the Internet and social media increase the number of available viewpoints, perspectives, ideas and opinions available, leading to a very diverse pool of information. However, critics have argued that algorithms used by search engines, social networking platforms and other large online intermediaries actually decrease information diversity by forming so-called “filter bubbles”. This may form a serious threat to our democracies. In response to this threat others have developed algorithms and digital tools to combat filter bubbles. This paper first provides examples of different software designs that try to break filter bubbles. Secondly, we show how norms required by two democracy models dominate the tools that are developed to fight the filter bubbles, while norms of other models are completely missing in the tools. The paper in conclusion argues that democracy itself is a contested concept and points to a variety of norms. Designers of diversity enhancing tools must thus be exposed to diverse conceptions of democracy.  相似文献   

A new solution to the gamer’s dilemma     

Rami Ali 《Ethics and Information Technology》2015,17(4):267-274

Luck (2009) argues that gamers face a dilemma when it comes to performing certain virtual acts. Most gamers regularly commit acts of virtual murder, and take these acts to be morally permissible. They are permissible because unlike real murder, no one is harmed in performing them; their only victims are computer-controlled characters, and such characters are not moral patients. What Luck points out is that this justification equally applies to virtual pedophelia, but gamers intuitively think that such acts are not morally permissible. The result is a dilemma: either gamers must reject the intuition that virtual pedophelic acts are impermissible and so accept partaking in such acts, or they must reject the intuition that virtual murder acts are permissible, and so abstain from many (if not most) extant games. While the prevailing solution to this dilemma has been to try and find a morally relevant feature to distinguish the two cases, I argue that a different route should be pursued. It is neither the case that all acts of virtual murder are morally permissible, nor are all acts of virtual pedophelia impermissible. Our intuitions falter and produce this dilemma because they are not sensitive to the different contexts in which games present virtual acts.  相似文献   

Virtuous reality: moral theory and research into cyber-bullying     

Tom Harrison 《Ethics and Information Technology》2015,17(4):275-283

This article draws on a study investigating how 11–14 year olds growing up in England understand cyber-bullying as a moral concern. Three prominent moral theories: deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics, informed the development of a semi-structured interview schedule which enabled young people, in their own words, to describe their experiences of online and offline bullying. Sixty 11–14 year olds from six schools across England were involved with the research. Themes emerging from the interviews included anonymity; the absence of rules, monitoring and guidance and, the challenges associated with determining the consequences of online actions. The findings demonstrate the advantages of adopting a character-based moral theory to compliment rules and/or consequence based moral theories as the basis for future research into cyber-bullying. The findings evoke some wider implications for future research into cyber-bullying that might equally be applied to investigations into other Internet related moral concerns.  相似文献   

The study of systems and methods for scientometric analysis of scientific publications     

A. V. Shvets  D. A. Devyatkin  I. V. Smirnov  I. A. Tikhomirov  K. V. Popov  K. N. Yarygin 《Scientific and Technical Information Processing》2015,42(5):359-366

This paper provides an overview of the methods and systems that are applied for scientometric analysis of scientific publications. Methods to identify promising research directions are described. The results of an experimental study aimed at determining the directions of scientific research within the subject area of “regenerative medicine” by using various methods are presented. Conclusions are made about the prospects and shortcomings of the applied methods. Directions for further research are proposed.  相似文献   

Group decision-making methods for adapting solutions derived from case-based reasoning     

A. Yu. Yurin 《Scientific and Technical Information Processing》2015,42(5):375-381

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Methods and means of intellectual planning: Implementation of the management of process control in the construction of an integrated expert system     

G. V. Rybina  Yu. M. Blokhin 《Scientific and Technical Information Processing》2015,42(6):432-447

The problems of intellectualization in the process development of integrated expert systems on the basis of the task-oriented methodology and the AT-TECHNOLOGY instrumental software complex are considered. The experience from carrying out intellectual planning for the synthesis of architectural layouts of prototypes in integrated expert systems, a usage-based intelligent scheduler, reusable components, typical project procedures, and other components of the intellectual software environment in the AT-TECHNOLOGY complex is described.  相似文献   

A Human Resources Dilemma? Emergent Themes in the Experiences of Part-Time Librarians     

Zara T. Wilkinson 《图书馆管理杂志》2015,55(5):343-361

Although many newly-graduated librarians are applying for and accepting part-time library employment after graduation, little research has been done into what working part-time means for these early career librarians. This article, based on a survey of recent LIS graduates who have worked part-time, provides a snapshot of part-time library employment and the advantages and disadvantages it affords to new librarians. This information is particularly relevant in light of the difficult job market for entry-level librarians. All of the surveyed librarians have worked in at least one part-time professional or paraprofessional position in a library after receiving their degree. Many of these respondents describe holding multiple part-time positions and receiving low salaries and few, if any, employment benefits. The themes documented in the open-ended short answers of these part-time librarians will help to guide further research into the professional and personal impact of part-time employment.  相似文献   

Documentocentrism as a theoretical and methodological problem and methods for its solution     

E. A. Pleshkevich 《Scientific and Technical Information Processing》2015,42(4):239-244

The problem of the emergence and development of documentocentrism as a theoretical and methodological approach that views a document as a basic principle is discussed.  相似文献   

The use of economic classifiers for the indexing of scientific publications     

K. I. Belousov  D. A. Baranov  N. L. Zelyanskaya  T. V. Karlina 《Scientific and Technical Information Processing》2015,42(4):299-305

The experience from the application of the OKVED 2 economic classifier for indexing scientific publications is considered. More than 9500 articles on the subject of “Automation. Computer Engineering” in authoritative Russian magazines were the material for the study. Some means for the comparative analysis of economic statistics and results of the classification of scientific publications are shown.  相似文献   

Approximation of multidimensional dependences according to structured samples     

M. G. Belyaev 《Scientific and Technical Information Processing》2015,42(5):328-339

We consider the problem of multidimensional approximation according to samples with a factorial experimental design (full or incomplete). Universal approximation methods do not take this peculiarity of a sample into account. In the present work, a structural approximation method is developed: the function class and the regularization are chosen in a special way and efficient methods for finding an optimal solution in this class are proposed.  相似文献