Childhood homelessness,resilience, and adolescent mental health: A prospective,person-centered approach     

Janette E. Herbers  J. J. Cutuli  Joanna N. Keane  Jake A. Leonard 《Psychology in the schools》2020,57(12):1830-1844

School districts and other service providers are increasingly aware of the substantial mental health needs of students experiencing family homelessness. Past findings are mixed regarding whether homelessness conveys unique risk beyond the risks associated with extreme poverty. With prospective longitudinal data on homelessness experiences across childhood, we utilized latent profile analysis as a person-centered approach to conceptualizing mental health outcomes in adolescence for 3,778 youth. We considered literal family homelessness as well as families living doubled-up, and we employed propensity score matching to identify a comparison group of nonhomeless students balanced across a range of covariates to address systematic bias. Results indicated that students who experienced literal homelessness during childhood were significantly less likely to demonstrate profiles of resilience in mental health functioning. We considered our approach and findings in light of challenges and opportunities particularly relevant to the school context.  相似文献   

Minority reports: indigenous and community voices in archives. Papers from the 4th International Conference on the History of Records and Archives (ICHORA4), Perth, Western Australia, August 2008     

Joanna Sassoon  Toby Burrows 《Archival Science》2009,9(1-2):1-5

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Social justice and school linkages in teacher education programmes     

Ruth Reynolds  Joanna Brown 《欧洲师范教育杂志》2010,33(4):405-419

This paper investigates current research into the role of education in combating social injustice, assembles this research to indicate key features of a teacher education programme that would assist education for social justice, and links these features to one innovative university teacher education programme to ascertain some of the practical difficulties in establishing such a programme. The research indicated key approaches that would enhance the probability that graduates from teacher education programmes will be able to pursue social justice initiatives.  相似文献   

Medical diagnostic consultation concerning mental retardation: An analogue study of school psychologists' attitudes     

David L. Wodrich  Jennifer Tarbox  John Balles  Joanna Gorin 《Psychology in the schools》2010,47(3):246-256

Recent research of relevance to school psychologists suggests that the cause, or etiology, of mental retardation can be established by medical diagnosticians in approximately one‐half of cases. In the current study, 109 practicing school psychologists considered a hypothetical case of an elementary student with mental retardation and indicated their attitudes toward the use of medical consultation. School psychologists were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions defined by the amount of information about medical diagnostic consultations they received: (a) no information, (b) guidelines from the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) calling for medical consultation in cases of developmental delay, or (c) AAN guidelines plus a concise summary of research on etiology, prevention, and mental retardation. School psychologists with more than 10 years of experience evidenced a more favorable attitude toward medical diagnostic consultation when provided more information, whereas their less experienced colleagues demonstrated no such pattern. This finding, together with others derived from participants' responses, is discussed regarding school psychologists' practice and training. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

Patiency is not a virtue: the design of intelligent systems and systems of ethics     

Joanna J. Bryson 《Ethics and Information Technology》2018,20(1):15-26

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Impact of short- compared to long-haul international travel on the sleep and wellbeing of national wheelchair basketball athletes     

Heidi R. Thornton  Joanna Miller  Lee Taylor  Charli Sargent  Michele Lastella 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(13):1476-1484

Currently, very little is known about the impact of short- or long-haul air travel on the sleep and wellbeing of wheelchair basketball athletes. Eleven national wheelchair basketball athletes wore actigraphy monitors prior, during, and after air travel to the United Kingdom. Upon arrival, participants rated their subjective jet-lag, fatigue, and vigor. Individuals traveled to the United Kingdom from different locations in Australia, the United States, and Europe and were categorised according to travel length [LONG (up to 30.2 h) or SHORT (up to 6.5 h)]. Linear mixed models determined effects of travel length on sleep and subjective ratings of jet-lag, fatigue, and vigor. During competition, subjective fatigue and jet-lag were substantially higher (ES = 0.73; ±0.77) and (ES = 0.57; ±0.60), subjective vigor was lower (ES = 1.94; ±0.72), and get-up time was earlier (ES = 0.57; ±0.60) for LONG when compared to SHORT. Travelling greater distances by airplane had a larger effect on subjective ratings of jet-lag, fatigue and vigor, rather than sleep. Irrespective of travel group, sleep and subjective responses were compromised, reflecting the travel requirements, competition-mediated influences, and/or due to a change in environment.  相似文献   

Science and cycling: current knowledge and future directions for research     

Greg Atkinson  Richard Davison  Asker Jeukendrup  Louis Passfield 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):767-787

Abstract

In this holistic review of cycling science, the objectives are: (1) to identify the various human and environmental factors that influence cycling power output and velocity; (2) to discuss, with the aid of a schematic model, the often complex interrelationships between these factors; and (3) to suggest future directions for research to help clarify how cycling performance can be optimized, given different race disciplines, environments and riders. Most successful cyclists, irrespective of the race discipline, have a high maximal aerobic power output measured from an incremental test, and an ability to work at relatively high power outputs for long periods. The relationship between these characteristics and inherent physiological factors such as muscle capilliarization and muscle fibre type is complicated by inter-individual differences in selecting cadence for different race conditions. More research is needed on high-class professional riders, since they probably represent the pinnacle of natural selection for, and physiological adaptation to, endurance exercise. Recent advances in mathematical modelling and bicycle-mounted strain gauges, which can measure power directly in races, are starting to help unravel the interrelationships between the various resistive forces on the bicycle (e.g. air and rolling resistance, gravity). Interventions on rider position to optimize aerodynamics should also consider the impact on power output of the rider. All-terrain bicycle (ATB) racing is a neglected discipline in terms of the characterization of power outputs in race conditions and the modelling of the effects of the different design of bicycle frame and components on the magnitude of resistive forces. A direct application of mathematical models of cycling velocity has been in identifying optimal pacing strategies for different race conditions. Such data should, nevertheless, be considered alongside physiological optimization of power output in a race. An even distribution of power output is both physiologically and biophysically optimal for longer ( >4km) time-trials held in conditions of unvarying wind and gradient. For shorter races (e.g. a 1km time-trial), an‘all out’ effort from the start is advised to‘save’ time during the initial phase that contributes most to total race time and to optimize the contribution of kinetic energy to race velocity. From a biophysical standpoint, the optimum pacing strategy for road time-trials may involve increasing power in headwinds and uphill sections and decreasing power in tailwinds and when travelling downhill. More research, using models and direct power measurement, is needed to elucidate fully how much such a pacing strategy might save time in a real race and how much a variable power output can be tolerated by a rider. The cyclist's diet is a multifactorial issue in itself and many researchers have tried to examine aspects of cycling nutrition (e.g. timing, amount, composition) in isolation. Only recently have researchers attempted to analyse interrelationships between dietary factors (e.g. the link between pre-race and in-race dietary effects on performance). The thermal environment is a mediating factor in choice of diet, since there may be competing interests of replacing lost fluid and depleted glycogen during and after a race. Given the prevalence of stage racing in professional cycling, more research into the influence of nutrition on repeated bouts of exercise performance and training is required.  相似文献   

Exercise does not necessarily influence the phase of the circadian rhythm in temperature in healthy humans     

B. Edwards  J. Waterhouse  G. Atkinson  T. Reilly 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):725-732

Seventeen healthy adults exercised for 30 min (70% V O 2max ), at different times of the day and night throughout a 24 h period. The effect on the phase of core temperature rhythm was assessed by comparing the rhythms on the day immediately before and immediately after the day of exercise with the participants living normally on these 2 days. Assessments were made upon data that had been corrected for the thermogenic effects of sleep and activity. When exercise was performed in the period between 4 h before and 1 h after the temperature minimum, there was a phase delay of 1.03 - 0.78 h (mean - s ; n = 6); when performed between 3 and 8 h after the temperature minimum, there was a phase advance of 1.07 - 1.23 h ( n = 9). Both means were significantly different from zero (Student's one-sample t -tests: P ? 0.05). Performed at other times, exercise had no significant effect on the phase of the temperature rhythm. The phase changes were not significantly different from those previously observed by us in sedentary individuals exposed to domestic lighting. We conclude that the amount of physical activity has very little effect on the body clock.  相似文献   

Choose your primary outcome variables with care     

Simon A. Jobson  Alan Nevill  Greg Atkinson 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(4):313-314

The changes in postural tremor of the hand and the subsequent effect on shooting performance produced by moderate cooling and heating of the forearm were studied in six subjects. Cooling produced a large decrease in tremor size of the ipsilateral hand, whereas warming the limb produced an increase in tremor size. Cooling or warming the forearm did not change the peak frequency of tremor significantly, which was quite stable for each subject. The improvement in shooting performance after cooling the forearm, as measured by grouping pattern of the shots, reached statistical significance and warming caused a significant worsening. This measure of performance was shown to correlate (r = 0.776) inversely with tremor size. The causes and implications of these changes are discussed. It is suggested that local cooling may be useful for people who wish temporarily to reduce tremor in order to improve dexterity for shooting and for other purposes.  相似文献   

Variable versus constant power strategies during cycling time-trials: Prediction of time savings using an up-to-date mathematical model     

G. Atkinson  O. Peacock  L. Passfield 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):1001-1009

Abstract

Swain (1997 Swain, D. P. 1997. A model for optimizing cycling performance by varying power on hills and in wind. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29: 1104–1108. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) employed the mathematical model of Di Prampero et al. (1979 Di Prampero, P. E., Cortili, G., Mognoni, P. and Saibene, F. 1979. Equation of motion of a cyclist. Journal of Applied Physiology, 47: 201–206. [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) to predict that, for cycling time-trials, the optimal pacing strategy is to vary power in parallel with the changes experienced in gradient and wind speed. We used a more up-to-date mathematical model with validated coefficients (Martin et al., 1998 Martin, J. C., Milliken, D. L., Cobb, J. E., McFadden, K. L. and Coggan, A. R. 1998. Validation of a mathematical model for road cycling power. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 14: 276–291. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) to quantify the time savings that would result from such optimization of pacing strategy. A hypothetical cyclist (mass = 70 kg) and bicycle (mass = 10 kg) were studied under varying hypothetical wind velocities (?10 to 10 m · s^?1), gradients (?10 to 10%), and pacing strategies. Mean rider power outputs of 164, 289, and 394 W were chosen to mirror baseline performances studied previously. The three race scenarios were: (i) a 10-km time-trial with alternating 1-km sections of 10% and ?10% gradient; (ii) a 40-km time-trial with alternating 5-km sections of 4.4 and ?4.4 m · s^?1 wind (Swain, 1997 Swain, D. P. 1997. A model for optimizing cycling performance by varying power on hills and in wind. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29: 1104–1108. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]); and (iii) the 40-km time-trial delimited by Jeukendrup and Martin (2001 Jeukendrup, A. E. and Martin, J. 2001. Improving cycling performance: How should we spend our time and money?. Sports Medicine, 31: 559–569. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Varying a mean power of 289 W by ± 10% during Swain's (1997 Swain, D. P. 1997. A model for optimizing cycling performance by varying power on hills and in wind. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29: 1104–1108. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) hilly and windy courses resulted in time savings of 126 and 51 s, respectively. Time savings for most race scenarios were greater than those suggested by Swain (1997 Swain, D. P. 1997. A model for optimizing cycling performance by varying power on hills and in wind. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29: 1104–1108. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). For a mean power of 289 W over the “standard” 40-km time-trial, a time saving of 26 s was observed with a power variability of 10%. The largest time savings were found for the hypothetical riders with the lowest mean power output who could vary power to the greatest extent. Our findings confirm that time savings are possible in cycling time-trials if the rider varies power in parallel with hill gradient and wind direction. With a more recent mathematical model, we found slightly greater time savings than those reported by Swain (1997 Swain, D. P. 1997. A model for optimizing cycling performance by varying power on hills and in wind. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29: 1104–1108. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). These time savings compared favourably with the predicted benefits of interventions such as altitude training or ingestion of carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks. Nevertheless, the extent to which such power output variations can be tolerated by a cyclist during a time-trial is still unclear.  相似文献