In and out of place: exploring the discursive effects of teachers’ talk about outdoor education in secondary schools in New Zealand     

Jonas Mikaels  Erik Backman  Suzanne Lundvall 《Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning》2016,16(2):91-104

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模糊对象和模糊性的逻辑     

奥拉夫·阿歇姆 《中山大学学报论丛》2008,1(2)

本文最初写于2001年,旨在探究语言上的、概念上的与本体论中的模糊性问题.文章始于这样一个问题,即模糊性仅仅是一个词的特征,抑或它也是我们的概念的特征,甚或是实在的特征?其中主要的关注点在于模糊对象的问题和相关的模糊同一性的问题.本文首先论证,即便模糊概念总可以得到进一步澄清,每个概念工具也必定是模糊的.其次,本文认为,如果不仅仅是词语,而且这些词语所表达的概念也是模糊的,那么可以论证,对象也必定是模糊的.第三,那种认为模糊对象必定具有模糊的同一性的思路是一种误解.最后一点尤为重要,因为对于模糊对象的抵制部分就来自于下述观念,即这种对象是不可能的,因为它们不遵守逻辑的同一律.本文也论述了,通过放弃二值原则以使得模糊陈述具有真和假之间的某个值或根本就没有真值的办法,也无助于解决模糊性问题,而且恰恰会造成相反的情况,即妨碍我们找到问题的解决之道.本文表明,在为真和既不真又不假之间,难以清晰地划分界限,正如在模糊的情形下要在真和假之间划界一样困难.本文的方法是利用量化模态逻辑的框架和语义学来处理这些问题.基于哥德尔模式的模态逻辑系统T,本文提出了一种关于清晰性和模糊性的量化逻辑,其中利用清晰性算子来代替必然性算子.文章还进一步讨论了模糊性和概念工具的发展之间的关联.  相似文献   

Understanding the rise of e-participation in non-democracies: Domestic and international factors     

Joachim Åström  Martin Karlsson  Jonas Linde  Ali Pirannejad 《Government Information Quarterly》2012

While it has often been suggested that information and communication technologies (ICTs) provide an important means of increasing citizen participation (which is at the core of democratic government), few commentators have expected non-democracies to create online environments in which citizens can take an active part in political processes. In recent years, however, some non-democracies have begun to outperform countries with long-standing democratic traditions in terms of e-participation development. According to the 2010 United Nations (UN) e-government survey, Bahrain outranks France, Kazakhstan beats Sweden and Malaysia ranks higher than Germany. This article sets out to understand the recent rise of e-participation initiatives in non-democracies. Drawing on comparative longitudinal data from the UN e-government surveys, we tested the assertion that international drivers of change are competing with the dominant focus on domestic factors, especially in the non-democratic world, and are influencing the patterns of reform. The empirical analysis demonstrated important differences between the drivers of change in democratic and non-democratic countries and found economic globalization to be the strongest predictor of e-participation initiatives in non-democratic countries. In conclusion, we argue that economic globalization alters the context of e-participation and necessitates a re-examination of many of its premises and tenets.  相似文献   

Sports activity patterns and cardio-metabolic health over time among adults in Germany: Results of a nationwide 12-year follow-up study     

Lars Gabrys  Jens Baumert  Christin Heidemann  Markus Busch  Jonas David Finger 《运动与健康科学(英文)》2021,10(4):439-446

BackgroundPhysical activity is favorable for health, and vigorous sports activity is particularly beneficial. This study investigates the association between changes in sports participation patterns over time and cardio-metabolic and self-perceived health outcomes.MethodsData from 3752 adults (18–79 years of age) who participated in 2 national health interview and examination surveys in 1997–1999 and 2008–2011 were included, with a mean follow-up time of about 12 years. A change in self-reported sports activity was analyzed with respect to the incidence of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and poor self-perceived health. Participants with pre-existing disease or risk factor of interest at baseline were excluded from the analysis. Being sufficiently active in sports was specified as doing sports for at least 1–2 h per week, and 4 activity categories were defined: 1) inactive at both time points (inactive–inactive), 2) inactive at baseline and active at follow-up (inactive–active), 3) active at baseline and inactive at follow-up (active–inactive), and 4) active at both time points (active–active). Associations between sports activity engagement and health outcomes were estimated by logistic regression models with different stages of adjustments.ResultsNot engaging in any regular sports activity at both time points (inactive–inactive) was associated with higher rates of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 1.82, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.08–3.08), CHD (OR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.16–2.84), hypertension (OR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.03–1.81), metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.58, 95%CI: 1.08–2.32), and poor self-perceived health (OR = 2.54, 95%CI: 1.83–3.53) compared to doing regular sports for a minimum of 1–2 h per week over time (active–active). In case of change from inactivity to any regular sports activity (inactive–active), the rate of risk factor occurrence was not statistically different from the active–active reference group except for poor self-perceived health, but it was higher for type 2 diabetes (OR = 2.15, 95%CI: 1.12–4.14) and CHD (OR = 1.77, 95%CI: 1.03–3.03). Being active at baseline but inactive at follow-up (active–inactive) was not associated with higher disease incidence of type 2 diabetes (OR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.25–1.97) or CHD (OR = 1.20, 95%CI: 0.49–2.99), but was associated with higher rates of hypertension (OR = 1.61, 95%CI: 1.11–2.34), obesity (OR = 2.34, 95%CI: 1.53–3.57), metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.70, 95%CI: 1.11–2.63), and poor self-perceived health (OR = 2.16, 95%CI: 1.53–3.07) at follow-up.ConclusionEven a low weekly quantity (1–2 h) of regular sports activity is partly associated with health benefits. Being formerly but not currently active was not associated with an increased disease incidence, but was associated with a higher risk-factor development compared to the reference group (active–active). Becoming active was preventive for risk-factor development but was not preventive for disease incidence, which probably means that the health benefits from sports activity are not sustainable and disease incidence is only shifted to a later period in life. For this reason, the promotion of and commitment to regular sports activity should be addressed as early as possible over the lifespan to achieve the best health benefits.  相似文献   

A fable for trainers     

Walter Jonas 《Performance Improvement》1993,32(9):24-26

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