A universal model for the normative evaluation of internet information     

Edward H. Spence 《Ethics and Information Technology》2009,11(4):243-253

Beginning with the initial premise that as the Internet has a global character, the paper will argue that the normative evaluation of digital information on the Internet necessitates an evaluative model that is itself universal and global in character (I agree, therefore, with Gorniak- Kocikowska’s claim that because of its global nature “computer ethics has to be regarded as global ethics”. (Gorniak-Kocikowska, Science and Engineering Ethics, 1996). The paper will show that information has a dual normative structure that commits all disseminators of information to both epistemological and ethical norms that are in principle universal and thus global in application. Based on this dual normative characterization of information the paper will seek to demonstrate: (1) that information and internet information (interformation) specifically, as a process and product of communication, has an inherent normative structure that commits its producers, disseminators, communicators and users, everyone in fact that deals with information, to certain mandatory epistemological and ethical commitments; and (2) that the negligent or purposeful abuse of information in violation of the epistemological and ethical commitments to which its inherent normative structure gives rise is also a violation of universal rights to freedom and wellbeing to which all agents are entitled by virtue of being agents, and in particular informational agents.  相似文献   

Doing the right thing: How today's leading companies are becoming more ethical     

Diane Kubal  Michael Baker  Kendra Coleman 《Performance Improvement》2006,45(3):5-8

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Others Share this Message,So We Can Trust It? An Examination of Bandwagon Cues on Organizational Trust in Risk     

Xialing Lin  Patric R. Spence 《Information processing & management》2019,56(4):1559-1564

Consideration of social media use for issues of risk communication has received rapid attention in the scholarly literature. However, specific features of social media and their relevance for risk communication warrant continued investigation. The current study examines how system-generated cues available in social media impact perceptions of trust at the organizational level. After viewing one of three mock Twitter pages from an organization that varied the number of retweets concerning the risk of contaminated food in grocery stores, participants were asked to report their perceived trust in the organization. Data indicate a reverse bandwagon or snob effect, such that having too many retweets results in lower judgments of organizational trust. Results are discussed in addition to limitations and future directions for research.  相似文献   

Identity on Social Networks as a Cue: Identity,Retweets, and Credibility     

Xialing Lin  Patric R. Spence 《Communication Studies》2018,69(5):461-482

The current study investigates how social media affordances influence individuals’ source credibility perceptions in the presence of risk information, specifically examining how bandwagon heuristics interact with different identity heuristics at the individual level. The MAIN model and warranting theory serve as the theoretical framework to examine the effects of bandwagon cues and identity cues embedded in retweets and users’ profile pages for health and risk online information processing. A posttest-only experiment with a self-report questionnaire was administered to participants. Results indicate that different online heuristic cues impact the judgments of competence, goodwill, and trustworthiness. Authority cues strongly influenced source credibility perceptions. A reverse-bandwagon effect was observed in influencing source credibility judgments.  相似文献   

Verbal-discrimination performance as a function of instructions and verbal-reinforcement combination in normal and retarded children     

J T Spence 《Child development》1966,37(2):269-281

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Race,Class and Housing in Boston     

Lewis H. Spence 《Equity & Excellence in Education》2013,46(3-6):8-13

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Effect of pretesting on feeling states and self-efficacy in acute exercise     

Spence JC  Blanchard C 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2001,72(3):310-314

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Art in Education     

David Spence 《Cambridge Journal of Education》1981,11(2):128-140

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Reflective Functioning,Limit Setting,and Emotional Availability in Mother–Child Dyads     

Clara Möller  Caroline Odersjö  Frans Pilesjö  Kendra Terpening  Malin Österberg  Rolf Holmqvist 《Parenting, science and practice》2017,17(4):225-241

Objective. There is a need for better understanding the relation between parents’ mentalizing about their child and their actual behavior toward the child. Specifically, it is important to understand the significance of mentalization about discrete parental challenges in comparison with mentalization about the relationship in general in relation to their interaction with the child. This study aimed to examine parental mentalization and observed emotional availability. Design. Forty mothers were observed in a play situation with their children (aged 3–10 years) to rate the emotional availability in the interaction. Mothers were also interviewed with the parent development interview and about parental limit setting to assess parental reflective functioning. Results. Analyses showed moderate correlations between the reflective functioning scores and the emotional availability dimensions. Approximately 15% of the variance in emotional availability scales could be accounted for by the reflective functioning ratings. Conclusions. The results suggest that parents’ ability to mentalize about limit setting behaviors may affect interactions between the parent and child.  相似文献   

Something About the Way You Speak: A Meta-analysis on Children’s Linguistic-based Social Preferences     

Jessica L. Spence  Matthew J. Hornsey  Kana Imuta 《Child development》2021,92(2):517-535

There is growing interest in the role of linguistic cues (accents, dialects, language) in driving children’s social preferences. This meta-analysis integrated 131 effect sizes involving 2,680 infants and children from 2 days old to 11 years. Overall, children prefer native-accent, native-dialect, and native-language speakers over non-native counterparts (d = 0.57). Meta-regression highlighted that bilinguals (d = 0.93) do not exhibit less native-speaker preference compared to monolinguals (d = 0.62). Children displayed stronger preferences based on accent (d = 1.04) than dialect (d = 0.44) and language (d = 0.39). Children’s cultural background, exposure to non-native speech, age, and preference measure were not significant moderators. The data are discussed in light of several theoretical explanations for when and why children show linguistic-based social preferences.  相似文献