Utility of international normative 20 m shuttle run values for identifying youth at increased cardiometabolic risk     

Duncan S. Buchan  Gareth Knox  Anwen M Jones  Grant R Tomkinson  Julien S. Baker 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(5):507-514

The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of international normative centiles for the 20 m shuttle run test (20mSRT) to identify youth at increased cardiometabolic risk. This was a cross-sectional study involving 961 children aged 10–17 years (53% girls) from the United Kingdom. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves determined the discriminatory ability of cardiorespiratory fitness percentiles for predicting increased cardiometabolic risk. ROC analysis demonstrated a significant but poor discriminatory accuracy of cardiorespiratory fitness in identifying low/high cardiometabolic risk in girls (AUC = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.54–0.63; p = 0.04), and in boys (AUC = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.54–0.63; p = 0.03). The cardiorespiratory fitness cut-off associated with high cardiometabolic risk was the 55^th percentile (sensitivity = 33.3%; specificity = 84.5%) in girls and the 60^th percentile (sensitivity = 42.9%; specificity = 73.6%) in boys. These 20mSRT percentile thresholds can be used to identify children and adolescents who may benefit from lifestyle intervention. Nonetheless, further work involving different populations and cardiometabolic risk scores comprising of different variables are needed to confirm our initial findings.  相似文献   

Anthropogenic emission is the main contributor to the rise of atmospheric methane during 1993–2017     

Zhen Zhang  Benjamin Poulter  Sara Knox  Ann Stavert  Gavin McNicol  Etienne Fluet-Chouinard  Aryeh Feinberg  Yuanhong Zhao  Philippe Bousquet  Josep G Canadell  Anita Ganesan  Gustaf Hugelius  George Hurtt  Robert B Jackson  Prabir K Patra  Marielle Saunois  Lena Hglund-Isaksson  Chunlin Huang  Abhishek Chatterjee  Xin Li 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2022,9(5)

Atmospheric methane (CH₄) concentrations have shown a puzzling resumption in growth since 2007 following a period of stabilization from 2000 to 2006. Multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain the temporal variations in CH₄ growth, and attribute the rise of atmospheric CH₄ either to increases in emissions from fossil fuel activities, agriculture and natural wetlands, or to a decrease in the atmospheric chemical sink. Here, we use a comprehensive ensemble of CH₄ source estimates and isotopic δ¹³C-CH₄ source signature data to show that the resumption of CH₄ growth is most likely due to increased anthropogenic emissions. Our emission scenarios that have the fewest biases with respect to isotopic composition suggest that the agriculture, landfill and waste sectors were responsible for 53 ± 13% of the renewed growth over the period 2007–2017 compared to 2000–2006; industrial fossil fuel sources explained an additional 34 ± 24%, and wetland sources contributed the least at 13 ± 9%. The hypothesis that a large increase in emissions from natural wetlands drove the decrease in atmospheric δ¹³C-CH₄ values cannot be reconciled with current process-based wetland CH₄ models. This finding suggests the need for increased wetland measurements to better understand the contemporary and future role of wetlands in the rise of atmospheric methane and climate feedback. Our findings highlight the predominant role of anthropogenic activities in driving the growth of atmospheric CH₄ concentrations.  相似文献   

Perceived sibling use of functional communication skills   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Scott A. Myers  Ronda L. Knox 《Communication Research Reports》2013,30(4):397-405

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the perceived sibling use of functional communication skills (Burleson & Samter, 1990). Participants were 138 undergraduate students enrolled at a small southern university. Three significant findings were uncovered. First, with the exception of referential skill, no significant differences in perceived use of functional communication skills emerged across age groups of siblings. Second, affectively‐oriented functional communication skills were perceived to be used more frequently than nonaffectively‐oriented skills by siblings. Third, female siblings were perceived to use comforting, ego support, and conflict management skills more so than male siblings.  相似文献   

Ethical perspectives on data and software sharing in the sciences: A research agenda   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Peter T. Darch  Emily J.M. Knox 《Library & information science research》2017,39(4):295-302

Data and software are critical components of scientific work. Increased data and software sharing promises many benefits for science. Many stakeholders are building infrastructure and implementing policies to promote sharing. However, sharing remains rare in practice. Attention must be paid to researchers' ethical perspectives on sharing to fully realize the promise of sharing and promote greater circulation of data and software and better uptake of infrastructure for data and software curation. This research presents an agenda for researching these perspectives, including characterizing and accounting for researchers' perspectives; examining how these perspectives shape decisions related to data and software sharing; and understanding how and why differences in perspectives arise and are contested, negotiated, and resolved in multidisciplinary scientific collaboration. This agenda will enable stakeholders to identify and resolve differences in ethical perspectives, and develop policies, infrastructures, and education that support existing ethical perspectives, and cultivate better ethical practices.  相似文献   

Postdigital science and education     

Petar Jandrić  Jeremy Knox  Tina Besley  Thomas Ryberg  Juha Suoranta  Sarah Hayes 《Educational Philosophy and Theory》2018,50(10):893-899

  相似文献   

Overview of counseling and information services for adult learners     

Alan B. Knox  Helen S. Farmer 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1977,23(4):387-414

Counseling and information services for adult learners exist in technologically developing and developed countries. Counseling services are performed by professional counselors, by adult education administrators and teachers, by practitioners in related agencies, and by paraprofessional counselor aides. Information services include mediated and interpersonal marketing and recruitment activities performed by administrators, teachers, and public information specialists. In developing countries, adult education programs and related counseling services tend to be concentrated on categories of adults whose personal development has high priority in national development plans. In developed countries, a wider range of adult education sponsors serves a higher proportion and a more representative cross section of the adult population.There has been increasing recognition throughout the world that counseling and information services for adult learners are important but inadequate. Most counseling of adult learners is provided by people who are not professional counselors. In developing countries, counseling related to adult education is seldom provided by professional counselors, tends to be associated with literacy, employment, and health programs and uses few support materials. Adult education tends to be related to national development goals. In developed countries, counseling related to adult education uses support materials and assessment procedures for planning regarding a wide range of topics and adult life roles. Adult education emphasizes personal development and postsecondary education.The societal context of adult education is reflected in service provision. In developing countries, the extended family performs some functions that in developed countries are performed by counseling personnel. In developing countries, information services to encourage adult education participation rely on word-of-mouth, convenient locations, and inclusion in other activities. In developed countries, recruitment procedures include mail brochures and television announcements.Organizational arrangements for counseling adult learners tend to be more formalized in developed than in developing countries, as reflected in the establishment of community-based educational counseling centers for adults. Inadequate preparation of counselors is a recurrent theme. Comparative analysis and evaluation of counseling and information services for adult learners can yield findings of use throughout the world.

---

Zusammenfassung Bildungsberatungs- und Informationsdienste für Erwachsene gibt es sowohl in technisch entwickelten als auch in Entwicklungsländern. Beratung wird durch professionelle Berater, Erwachsenenbildungs-Administratoren und Lehrer, Mitarbeiter in entsprechenden Organisationen und halb-professionelle Beratungsassistenten erteilt. Zu den Informationsdiensten gehören mittelbares und direktes Marketing und Anwerbung durch Administratoren, Lehrer und Experten des öffentlichen Informationswesens. In Entwicklungsländern konzentrieren sich die Erwachsenenbildungsprogramme und die damit verbundenen Beratungsstellen meistens auf diejenigen Kategorien von Erwachsenen, deren persönliche Entwicklung von vorrangiger Bedeutung für die nationalen Entwicklungspläne ist. In entwickelten Ländern steht für die Beratung und Information eines grösseren und repräsentativeren Bevölkerungsanteils ein ausgedehnterer und vielseitigerer Kreis von Erwachsenenbildungs-Förderern zur Verfügung.Auf der ganzen Welt wächst die Erkenntnis, dass Beratung und Information in der Erwachsenenbildung wichtig aber unzulänglich sind. Grösstenteils werden die Erwachsenen von Nicht-Professionellen beraten. In Entwicklungsländern wird diese Beratung nur selten von professionellen Beratern erteilt; ausserdem bezieht sie sich meistens auf Alphabetismus-, Beschäftigungs- und Gesundheitsprogramme und verwendet wenig Hilfsmaterial. Erwachsenenbildung wird oft nur auf nationale Entwicklungsziele bezogen. In entwickelten Ländern benutzen die Beratungsstellen Hilfsmaterialien sowie Bewertungsverfahren für die Planung eines reichen Angebots an Themen und Erwachsenenrollen. Die Erwachsenenbildung legt Nachdruck auf persönliche Entwicklung und höhere Bildung.Der soziale Kontext der Erwachsenenbildung spiegelt sich im Angebot wider. In Entwicklungsländern übernimmt die Familie einige Funktionen, die in entwickelten Ländern von Beratungspersonal ausgeübt werden. Die Informationsdienste in Entwicklungsländern verlassen sich darauf, dass die Bevölkerung durch Hörensagen, günstige Lage und Einschluss in andere Aktivitäten zur Teilnahme an Erwachsenenbildungsprogrammen angeregt wird. Die entwickelten Länder benutzen Werbungsverfahren einschliesslich durch die Post versandter Broschüren und Fernsehansagen.Die Organisation der Erwachsenenbildungs-Beratung ist in entwickelten Ländern meistens formeller als in Entwicklungsländern. Dies zeigt sich u.a. in der Errichtung von Gemeindeberatungszentren für Erwachsene. Immer wieder kommt jedoch die unzureichende Ausbildung der Berater ins Gespräch. Eine vergleichende Analyse und Evaluation der Beratungs- und Informationsdienste für Erwachsenenbildung könnte Befunde ergeben, die für die ganze Welt von Nutzen wären.

---

Résumé Il existe des services d'orientation et d'information pour élèves adultes dans les pays développés et technologiquement en voie de développement. Les services d'orientation sont tenus par des conseillers d'orientation professionnels, par des administrateurs de l'éducation des adultes, des enseignants, des praticiens d'instances apparentées et par des aides-conseillers paraprofessionnels. Les services d'information comportent des activités interpersonnelles et interposées dans les domaines de l'étude de marchés et du recrutement, pratiquées par des administrateurs, des enseignants et des spécialistes de l'information publique. Dans les pays en voie de développement, les programmes d'éducation des adultes et les services d'orientation qui leur sont associés ont tendance à se concentrer sur les catégories d'adultes dont le développement individuel a une grande priorité dans les plans de développement national. Dans les pays développés, un plus ample éventail de garants de l'éducation des adultes sert une proportion plus forte et une tranche plus représentative de la population adulte.Il a été reconnu de plus en plus dans le monde entier que les services d'orientation et d'information pour les élèves adultes sont importants mais insuffisants. La plupart des consultations d'orientation pour adultes sont données par des gens qui ne sont pas des conseillers professionnels. Dans les pays en voie de développement, les consultations afférentes à l'éducation des adultes sont rarement données par des conseillers professionnels, ont tendance à être associées aux programmes d'alphabétisation, d'emploi et aux programmes sanitaires et se servent de peu de matériaux de support. L'éducation des adultes a tendance à être apparentée aux fins du développement national. Dans les pays développés, les consultations d'orientation afférentes à l'éducation des adultes se servent de matériaux de support et de procédures d'évaluation des besoins, concernant un ample assortiment de sujets et de rôles de la vie d'adulte. L'éducation des adultes met l'accent sur le développement individuel et l'enseignement supérieur.Le contexte social de l'éducation des adultes se reflète dans l'approvisionnement en services. Dans les pays en voie de développement, la famille, ayant une portée plus grande, assume certaines fonctions dont s'acquitte le personnel d'orientation dans les pays développés. Dans les pays en voie de développement, les services d'information désirant encourager la participation à l'éducation des adultes se basent sur la verbalité, des emplacements favorables et l'inclusion dans d'autres activités. Dans les pays développés, les procédures de recrutement comportent des brochures postales et des annonces télévisées.Les dispositions concernant l'organisation des consultations d'orientation pour élèves adultes tendent à être plus formalisées dans les pays développés que dans les pays en voie de développement, ceci étant reflété dans la création de centres de consultations éducatives pour adultes, basés sur la collectivité. La préparation insuffisante des conseillers est un thème récurrent. L'analyse comparative et l'évaluation des services d'orientation et d'information pour élèves adultes peut mettre à jour des résultats pouvant être utiles à travers le monde.

  相似文献   

Artificial intelligence and education in China     

Jeremy Knox 《Learning, Media and Technology》2020,45(3):298-311

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the political economy of artificial intelligence (AI) and education in China, through an analysis of government policy and private sector enterprise. While media and policy discourse often portray China’s AI development in terms of a unified national strategy, and a burgeoning geopolitical contestation for future global dominance, this analysis will suggest a more nuanced internal complexity, involving differing regional networks and international corporate activity. The first section considers two key policy documents published by the central Chinese government, which are shown to implicate educational institutions as influential actors in national and regional strategies for AI development, with a significant role in plans to train domestic expertise. The second section outlines three prominent private education companies: New Oriental Group, Tomorrow Advancing Life (TAL), and Squirrel AI. These companies are selected to represent important aspects of China’s development of educational AI applications, including the influence of a well-established private education sector, and a growing interest in international corporate activity. The paper concludes with the suggestion that while central government policy reserves a significant role for education in the national AI strategy, the private sector is utilising favourable political conditions to rapidly develop educational applications and markets.  相似文献   

ANALYSIS OF QUICK WORD TEST AS AN ESTIMATE OF ADULT MENTAL ABILITY     

Arden  Grotelueschen Alan B.  Knox 《Journal of Educational Measurement》1967,4(3):169-177

  相似文献   

Proficiency theory of adult learning     

Alan B. Knox 《Contemporary educational psychology》1980,5(4)

The author's theory of adult learning and teaching uses proficiency as a unifying concept to relate acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes to improved performance, which motivates much adult learning. Proficiency is the capability to perform given the opportunity. An interest in enhanced proficiency encourages adults to engage and persist in learning activities. Effective adult learning is transactional and developmental, with periodic assessment of discrepancies between current and desired proficiency to assess needs, set objective, organize learning activities, and evaluate progress. Experience, learning effectiveness, sense of proficiency, and commitment to enhance proficiency affect the adult's search for meaning which entails acquisition of new learnings and reorganization of old. Effective teaching-learning transactions encourage adult learners to assume major responsibility for objectives and pacing, combine an overview of content with emphasis on important aspects, and contain a sequence of activities that encourages persistence in learning activities and use of new learnings.  相似文献   

‘They might know a lot of things that I don’t know’: investigating differences in preservice teachers’ ideas about contextualizing science instruction in multilingual classrooms     

Sara Tolbert  Corey Knox 《International Journal of Science Education》2016,38(7):1133-1149

This paper describes the results from a qualitative study of 72 preservice teachers’ initial ideas about contextualizing science instruction with language minority students. Participants drew primarily on local ecological and multicultural contexts as resources for contextualizing instruction. However, preservice teachers enrolled in the bilingual certification program articulated more asset-oriented and less stereotypical ideas than those not seeking bilingual certification. Results can inform teacher education programs that aim to prepare graduates for teaching science in multilingual classrooms.  相似文献