The essential question in environmental education is the individual's relationship to his environment, including both that part of his environment which is natural and that part which is man-made. The nature of this relationship is manifested in the way in which the individual acts with regard to his environment and by what choices and decisions he makes in order to come to terms with it. The crucial factors in these decisions are his values, which at the same time represent his cognitive, socio-emotional and ethical development. As an interdisciplinary subject, environmental education draws attention to the technique of examining matters from a variety of viewpoints. Since the consequences of man's decisions regarding his environment are apparent both in the sphere of human life and in the world of nature, these decisions involve ecological and economic, social, political, aesthetic and ethical considerations. Environmental education contains both cognitive and affective aspects, the association between which is examined on the basis of the theoretical premises established in this paper.
Zusammenfassung Die wesentliche Fragestellung in der Umwelterziehung betrifft die Beziehung des Einzelnen zu seiner Umwelt sowohl zur natürlichen als auch zur von Menschen geschaffenen. Die Art dieser Beziehung zeigt sich in der Handlungsweise des Einzelnen im Hinblick auf seine Umwelt und in den von ihm gewählten Wegen und gefällten Entscheidungen, die ihm ein angemessenes Verhalten ermöglichen. Die ausschlaggebenden Faktoren für diese Entscheidungen sind seine Werte, die gleichzeitig seiner kognitiven, sozio-emotionalen und ethischen Entwicklung entsprechen. Als interdisziplinärer Lernbereich weist die Umwelterziehung auf das Verfahren hin, Umweltfragen von einer Vielzahl von Standpunkten aus zu betrachten. Da die Konsequenzen aus den Entscheidungen der Menschen in Bezug auf ihre Umwelt sowohl im Bereich menschlichen Lebens als auch in der Welt der Natur sichtbar sind, schließen diese Entscheidungen ökologische und ökonomische, soziale, politische, ästhetische und ethische Überlegungen ein. Umwelterziehung enthält ebenso kognitive wie affektive Aspekte, deren Zusammenhang auf der Basis theoretischer Prämissen, die in diesem Artikel begründet werden, überprüft wird.
Résumé La question essentielle dans le domaine de l'éducation relative à l'environnement porte sur la relation de l'individu avec son environment qui comprend à la fois la partie naturelle de cet environnement et celle provenant de la civilisation. La nature de cette relation se révèle dans la façon dont l'individu agit avec son environnement ainsi que dans les choix qu'il fait et les décisions qu'il prend pour s'accorder avec. Les facteurs décisifs pour ces décisions sont ses valeurs qui représentent en même temps son développement cognitif, socio-émotionnel et éthique. En tant que matière interdisciplinaire, l'éducation relative à l'environnement attire l'attention sur la façon d'examiner les différentes questions en partant d'une quantité de points de vue. Puisque les conséquences des décisions de l'homme concernant son environnement sont visibles dans la sphère de la vie humaine comme dans le monde de la nature, ces décisions impliquent des considérations écologiques, économiques, sociales, politiques, esthétiques et éthiques. L'éducation relative à l'environnement comprend des aspects cognitifs et affectifs dont le rapport est examiné sur la base des prémisses théoriques présentées dans cet article.
The present paper takes its point of departure in risk being a relevant content for science education, and that there are many different approaches to how to incorporate it. By reviewing the academic literature on the use and definitions of risk from fields such as engineering, linguistics and philosophy, we identified key elements of the risk concept relevant for science education. Risk is a phenomenon of the future that may be conveyed by our activity, it is something that may or may not take place. Hence, at the core of risk we find uncertainty and consequence. Furthermore, the elements of probability and severity are relevant modifiers of the consequence, as well as both subject to uncertainty. Additionally, in framing, understanding and decision-making on risk, as individuals or society, we need to acknowledge that risk has both objective and subjective components, lying in the interface between knowledge and values. In this paper, we describe how these key elements were derived from the literature and derive a schematic model of the risk concept for the purpose of science education. We further discuss how this model may assist in planning, execution and evaluation of teaching activities explicitly or implicitly involving risk issues. 相似文献
Recent research emphasizes the context‐specific nature of professional knowledge and expertise, implying that developing novel practices in authentic environments is a prerequisite for teachers' professional development. The aim of this study was to find out how teachers develop their practical knowledge and expertise through shared planning and to evaluate an innovative learning project carried out in an ICT‐based environment. Two secondary school teachers of history participated in this study. The data were gathered using a multi‐methodological approach (video recordings, interviews and questionnaires). The results are described in terms of the teachers' shared experiences and their increased awareness of their own scaffolding practices. Discussion is focused on the role of boundary crossing in teachers' negotiation of new meanings.
La recherche récente souligne le caractère contextualisé de la connaissance et de la compétence professionnelles. De ce fait un environnement authentique est exigé pour rendre possible le progrès des pratiques nouvelles et ainsi le développement professionnel de l'enseignant. L'objet de cette étude est de définir les moyens par lesquels les enseignants développent une connaissance et une compétence pratiques à travers une préparation et une évaluation partagées pendant un projet d'apprentissage innovant réalisé dans un environnement basé sur les technologies de l'information et de la communication. Deux enseignants d'histoire d'un collège ont participé à cette recherche. Les données ont été recueillies selon une approche faisant intervenir plusieurs méthodes (enregistrements de vidéo, interviews, questionnaires). Les résultats sont décrits dans l'optique des expériences partagées des enseignants et de leur prise de conscience progressive de leurs propres pratiques fondamentales de tous les jours. La discussion est concentrée sur le rôle de pluridisciplinarité dans la négociation de sens nouveaux par les enseignants.
Los estudios recientes subrayan la naturaleza específica al contexto del conocimiento y de la pericia profesional. Esto implica que el desarrollo de nuevas prácticas en entornos auténticos es un prerrequisito para el desarrollo profesional de los profesores. La meta de este trabajo es de descubrir como los profesores desarrollan su conocimiento y pericia profesional através del planeamiento y de la evaluación de un proyecto innovativo efectuado en un entorno de aprendizaje ICT. Dos profesores de escuela secundaria con historia laboral participaron en este estudio. La información fue recogida utilizando métodos múltiples (grabaciones en video, entrevistas, cuestionarios). Los resultados están descritos en términos de las experiencias compartidas de los profesores y el incremento del conocimiento de sus propias prácticas de andamiaje. La discusión se enfoca en la cuestión del papel del cruce de límites en la negociación de nuevos significados de la enseñanza.
In der gegenwärtigen Forschung wird die kontextspezifische Natur des Fachwissens und der beruflichen Expertise betont. Dies impliziert, dass die Entwicklung von neuen Verfahrensweisen in authentischen Umgebungen eine Voraussetzung für die berufliche Weiterbildung von Lehrern darstellt. Das Ziel des vorliegenden Artikels besteht darin, herauszuarbeiten, wie Lehrer ihr unterrichtspraktisches Wissen und ihre Berufsexpertise durch solche kooperativen Planungs‐ und Evaluationsvorgänge erweitern können, die in einer IKT‐basierten Umgebung ausgeführt werden. Zwei Geschichtslehrer der Sekundarstufe I (secondary school) haben sich an dieser Untersuchung beteiligt. Die Datenerhebungen basieren auf einer methodisch vielfältigen Anlage: Video‐Aufzeichnungen, Interviews und Fragebögen. Die Ergebnisse werden in bezug auf die Erfahrungen der Lehrer, sowie deren gesteigerte Wahrnehmung der jeweils eigenen zugrundeliegenden Lehrverfahren beschrieben. Die Diskussion fokussiert auf einen Aspekt, der die Rolle der Grenzüberschreitung im Zusammenhang mit unterrichtlichen Verhandlungen über neue Bedeutungen betrifft. 相似文献
This article describes the pedagogical framework of an interdisciplinary and international project entitled NINTER (Networked Interaction: Theory-Based Cases in Teaching and Learning). The practical aim of the project is to produce a pedagogical model for learning and teaching in networked environments. The research project has its foundation on socio-constructivist learning theories, with one of the most important principles being the idea of apprenticeship in thinking. The article also takes a look at the first results obtained from different kinds of videotaped and written material that were collected during a WWW-based university course. Also questions raised from the data for future research are considered. 相似文献
This article examines the complex development and contradictory current state of affairs of early childhood education and care (ECEC) in Finland. Rather than presenting a harmonious picture of the Finnish ECEC system, the authors have chosen to look at the problematic way in which national policies concerning ECEC have been interpreted and implemented. The road from legislation and national regulations (e.g. the National Curriculum Guidelines) on ECEC in Finland to implementation has been a convoluted one and the implementations may vary remarkably according to how the documents have been interpreted. Several results of this can be seen as less than favourable. For example, due to attempts to enlarge the scope of Finnish ECEC, its primary task – promoting the well‐being, development and learning of the child – has gradually been obscured. In addition, a number of ‘external’ factors such as rivalry between professional groups have influenced the shaping of the ECEC field more than one would like to admit. A more analytical approach to ECEC is called for in order to avoid new misinterpretations of the national policies and consequent adverse policy effects. 相似文献
This study investigated whether mathematical and reading difficulties and self-reported learning problems predicted school achievement in the ninth grade, at the age of 16, and how these difficulties further explained the transition either to upper secondary academic education or to vocational education. The sample of the present study comprised one age group of ninth-grade adolescents (n?=?592; 300 girls, 292 boys) in a middle-sized Finnish city. These students completed tests of mathematics, reading comprehension and decoding. Participants were also asked to assess their learning problems in school work. Results demonstrated that mathematical and reading difficulties strongly predicted school achievement in the ninth grade and, through school achievement, also predicted the transition to different tracks in secondary education. The role of self-reported learning difficulties in this prediction was significant, but less significant than that of mathematical and reading difficulties. Parents' education did not play a major role in this prediction. 相似文献
The aim of this paper is to explore the historical representations of adulthood, citizenship and the ideal social bonds of an individual and the society in the transforming moral orders of Finnish adult education. The research is based on a thematic reading of data, which consist of texts written during the past 150 years by theorists of adult education. In regard to the outcome of the analysis, it can be claimed that the definitions and relations, which define adult education / lifelong learning, adult individuals, citizenship and the society, are in perpetual motion transforming from spiritual determination to material determination and back. As a conclusion, we claim that adult education / lifelong learning is a morally regulated field of study, where morality is adapted to any social changes at any given time, marginalising social groups on moral grounds; from lack of spiritual aspirations to lack of employability skills and with a wrong attitude towards the ideals of neo-liberal economics in present-day society. The main result of our analysis is to address the importance of understanding the main logics of historical change in adult education. 相似文献
Three male and eight female Finnish students practised argumentation in two e-mail study groups as part of an academic debating course during spring 1998. The course involved two lectures, argumentative texts with exercises and e-mail discussions relating to the texts. The discussions were organised around free debate and role play. The data consisted of the 326 e-mail messages sent by the students during the course. The data analyses focused on (1) the interactivity and argumentativeness of the students' messages, (2) the types of roles that the students assumed during the interaction, and (3) the effects of the method of working and gender on the quality of interaction. The results indicated that 78% of the messages were interactive (i.e. they included one or more references to a fellow student's message). In general, the students expressed elaborative neutrality and grounded disagreement towards each other's arguments. The roles most commonly adopted during the discussions were those of participation and support. The students produced more grounded disagreement and more often assumed attacking and problematising roles during role play than during free debate. In contrast, supportive and participatory roles and replies showing agreement were more common during free debate. Women showed agreement more often than men, while counter-attacking and participatory roles and elaborative neutrality were more common among men. The results suggest that the use of role play in the teaching of argumentation can lead to more focused and higher-level argumentative discussion. 相似文献
