Attention and curiosity in museums     

John J. Koran  Laura Morrison  Jeffrey R. Lehman  Mary Lou Koran  Luisa Gandara 《科学教学研究杂志》1984,21(4):357-363

Two hundred and thirty-four museum visitors of all ages were observed as they entered the Object Gallery area of the Florida State Museum. Visitors were observed under conditions where objects were available for close inspection but could not be manipulated (baseline data) and later when the same objects were placed on tables and were available for visitors to touch, move, and use a variety of senses to inspect them (intervention data). Data were recorded on the sex, age, and number of subjects in these areas under each of the above conditions. The results obtained show a significant increase in the number of visitors entering this section of the museum when manipulatable objects were available. Baseline data showed that 58.5% of the people who entered the Object Gallery went into the drawer section. However, when manipulatable objects were made available this increased to 82.3%. Chi-square analysis was used to determine whether the presence of manipulatable objects in the area increased the number of people who entered the area. It did (p < 0.05). Chi-square analysis was also used to determine whether entering the drawer section depended on age or sex. It was found that more children entered the drawer section than adults (p < 0.05) and significantly more female children and female adults entered as a result of intervention (p < 0.05). At the same time, more male children than adults entered after intervention (p < 0.05) than before. These data are supported by considerable curiosity research indicating that both children and adults are attracted to novel as well as complex stimuli which can be manipulated in both formal and free-choice environments. The data also support the growing movement to hands-on exhibits in natural history museums and science centers around the country, as well as hands-on classroom activities from the perspective of their attention attracting and holding power and their curiosity evoking characteristics. Whether these positive factors also lead to increased knowledge or skill development is a question yet to be explored.  相似文献   

I Am Error: The Nintendo Family Computer/Entertainment System Platform,by Nathan Altice.     

Nicholas J. Rowland  Frank Joseph  Jeffrey A. Knapp  Chris Lehman 《The Information Society》2016,32(1):76-77

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The end-state comfort effect in bimanual grip selection     

Fischman MG  Stodden DF  Lehman DM 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2003,74(1):17-24

During a unimanual grip selection task in which people pick up a lightweight dowel and place one end against targets at variable heights, the choice of hand grip (overhand vs. underhand) typically depends on the perception of how comfortable the arm will be at the end of the movement: an end-state comfort effect. The two experiments reported here extend this work to bimanual tasks. In each experiment, 26 right-handed participants used their left and right hands to simultaneously pick up two wooden dowels and place either the right or left end against a series of 14 targets ranging from 14 to 210 cm above the floor. These tasks were performed in systematic ascending and descending orders in Experiment 1 and in random order in Expiment 2. Results were generally consistent with predictions of end-state comfort in that, for the extreme highest and lowest targets, participants tended to select opposite grips with each hand. Taken together, our findings are consistent with the concept of constraint hierarchies within a posture-based motion-planning model.  相似文献   

Processing and recall of seductive details in scientific text     

Stephen Lehman  Gregory Schraw  Matthew T. McCrudden  Kendall Hartley 《Contemporary educational psychology》2007,32(4):569-587

This study examined how seductive details affect on-line processing of a technical, scientific text. In Experiment 1, each sentence from the experimental text was rated for interest and importance. Participants rated seductive details as being more interesting but less important than main ideas. In Experiment 2, we examined the effect of seductive details on reading time and learning. Seductive details reduced the amount of time readers spent reading base text sentences, and hindered recall of important ideas and deeper processing as measured by an essay task. These findings extend previous research [Harp, S. & Mayer, R. E. (1997). Role of interest in learning from scientific text and illustrations: on the distinction between emotional interest and cognitive interest. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 92–102; Harp, S. F., & Mayer, R. E. (1998). How seductive details do their damage: a theory of cognitive interest in science learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 441–434.] to suggest that the negative effects of seductive details’ on comprehension were due to a combination of reduced attentional allocation and disruption of text coherence.  相似文献   

Scenarios for Teacher Education Programs     

Jennifer C. Richardson  Wanda S. Fox  James D. Lehman 《TechTrends》2012,56(5):17-24

This paper discusses the history of Internetbased videoconferencing (IVC) within the teacher education program at a large Midwestern university. It explains ways this technology has been used to expand interactions with students and professionals in a wide variety of settings and thereby increase depth, diversity, and effectiveness of preservice teacher education. Partners include P-12 schools, practicum sites, and other universities. The article focuses on real-time interactions among two or more locations in which at least one of the sites involves a larger space and/or a large group of participants. Scenarios of successful videoconferencing are included along with lessons learned. Practical guidelines for building collaborations, establishing technical connections, preparing for and running videoconferencing sessions, and maintaining communications are provided.  相似文献   

Achievement correlates of the Woodcock-Johnson Reading and Mathematics Subtests, KeyMath, and Woodcock Reading in an elementary aged learning disabled population     

M J Breen  J Lehman  M Carlson 《Journal of learning disabilities》1984,17(5):258-261

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Concept mapping,vee mapping,and achievement: Results of a field study with black high school students     

James D. Lehman  Charlotte Carter  Jane Butler Kahle 《科学教学研究杂志》1985,22(7):663-673

This article reports on the results of a project that studied the effectiveness of two specific learning heuristics, concept mapping and Vee mapping, in helping black, inner-city, high school students learn biology concepts meaningfully. The project sought to assess the effects on achievement of the use of these two heuristics as part of a carefully designed sequence of instruction. Two instructional treatments were compared, one that utilized the two experimental heuristics as study aids and one that utilized outlining as a comparison study aid. The instructional treatments were administered over approximately a one semester period. Two hundred and fifty subjects, nearly all black, from two urban high schools in Indiana took part in the study. Achievement instruments designed to measure meaningful (higher order) learning were developed. Analysis of variance of the achievement test means failed to reveal statistically significant differences between the experimental and comparison treatment at the 0.05 alpha level. However, there were suggestions of a tendency toward an effect of the experimental treatment, and several factors contributing to the difficulty in distinguishing achievement differences were identified.  相似文献   

Public Demonstrations of Chemistry in Eighteenth Century France     

Christine Lehman  Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent 《Science & Education》2007,16(6):573-583

The purpose of the paper is twofold: (1) To contrast the longstanding tradition of private and public courses of chemistry with the public demonstrations of physics. Whether taught in public institutions such as the Jardin du Roi or by apothecaries in their officines chemistry demonstrations were not for the entertainment of their audiences. Rather, they were intended to train people in pharmacy and natural philosophy. (2) By the end of the eighteenth-century, however, pneumatic chemistry prompted a new style of presentation and experimentation more similar to experimental physics, as shown by the famous experiment of water decomposition and recomposition performed by Lavoisier in 1785.  相似文献   

Film Directors     

Peter Lehman  William Luhr  David Lean  Stanley Kubrick  Jon Tuska  Frederick Lamster 《Communication Booknotes Quarterly》2013,44(12):128-130

Peter Lehman and William Luhr, Blake Edwards (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1981 -- $8.95 paper/$18.95 cloth).

David Lean: A Guide to References and Resources by Louis P. Castelli ($18.50)

Stanley Kubrick: A Guide to References and Resources by Wallace Coyle ($24.00).

Jon Tuska (editor), Close Up: The Contemporary Director (Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press, 1981 -- $22.50).

Frederick Lamster, Souls Made Great Through Love and Adversity: The Film Work of Frank Borzage (Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press, 1981 -- $12.50).

Renata Berg-Pan, Leni Reifenstahl (1980, $13.95, 222 pages).

Georg Gaston, Karel Reisz (1980, $13.95, 166 pages).

Bettina Knapp, Sacha Guitry (1981, $14.95, 245 pages).

John Kreidl, Jean-Luc Godard (198. 0, $12.95, 273 pages).

Barbara Learning, Gri ore Kozintsev (1980, 14.95, 212 pages).

Charles J. Maland, Frank Capra (1980, $10.95, 218 pages).

Gene D. Phillips, John Schlesinger (19817714.95, 199 pages).

Stephen Snyder, Pier Paolo Pasolini (1980, $13.95, 199 pages).

William R. Taylor, Sydney Pollack (1981-, $14.95, 170 pages).

Louis Giannetti, Masters of the American Cinema (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981 -- $11.95 paper).  相似文献   

Constitutions,Institutions, and Games     

Craig K. Lehman 《体育哲学杂志》2013,40(1):41-46

We provide a new wrinkle to the Argument from Unfair Advantage, a rather popular one in the ethics of doping in sports discussions. But we add a new argument that we believe places the moral burden on those who favor doping in sports. We also defend our position against some important concerns that might be raised against it. In the end, we argue that for the time being, doping in sports ought to be banned until it can be demonstrated that our concerns can be satisfied.  相似文献