Cost containment for higher education: Strategies for public policy and institutional administration : . New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991. pp. xvii + 255. Price: $49.95 (cloth)     

W. Patrick Leonard 《Economics of Education Review》1995,14(4)

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Frequency,duration, and speed of wheel running of rats as a function of age and starvation     

Leonard F. Jakubczak 《Learning & behavior》1973,1(1):13-16

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether age differences in amounts of wheel running of starved rats were due to the frequency of bursts of running, to the average duration of bursts, to speed, or to any combination of these parameters. The experiment was carried out according to a 3 by 2 by 2 mixed model design. The independent variables were age (67, 293, and 746 days old at the start of starvation), food deprivation (total starvation vs ad lib), and occasion of measurement (initial vs maximum activity). The dependent variables were number of wheel revolutions, number of bursts of activity, number of seconds of running per burst, and revolutions per second. The results indicated that acutely starved rats run more often, for longer periods, and at higher speeds than do sated rats, and that with increased age rats run less often, for a shorter time, and at slower speeds.  相似文献   

Performance ofBetta splendens in a radial arm maze     

H. L. Roitblat  William Tham  Leonard Golub 《Learning & behavior》1982,10(1):108-114

Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) were tested in aquatic versions of radial arm mazes. In the first experiment, the fish were trained to find tubifex worms in an eight-arm maze in which the optimal strategy was to choose each arm once without repetition. After initial training, the fish entered approximately 6.63 different arms in eight choices, showing a strong tendency to choose sequences of adjacent arms, moving about the maze in a Stereotypic direction. This algorithmic response pattern was not, however, sufficient to predict the high performance level of the fish. In the second experiment, a delay of .5 or 5 min was interposed between the fourth and fifth choices. Similar Stereotypic patterns continued in Experiment 2, but choice accuracy following the longer delay declined to a level not significantly above chance. In the third experiment, different fish were tested in a three-arm maze, reinforced either for returning from the second arm to the arm in which they had most recently been fed (win-stay) or for visiting a third arm (win-shift). The fish were significantly faster at acquiring the win-shift contingency than the win-stay contingency. These results demonstrate that solution of spatial tasks depends on the interaction of appropriate behavioral strategies and cognitive capacities that may have little generality across species.  相似文献   

Book Reviews     

Harold E. Hill  David Jonassen  Ralph J. Gohring  W. Patrick Leonard  Nancy Harper Vick 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1980,28(2):140-149

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Self‐Injury,Gender, and Loneliness Among College Students     

Lorrie Ann Dellinger‐Ness  Leonard Handler 《Journal of College Counseling》2007,10(2):142-152

Several studies have demonstrated relationships between loneliness and numerous psychological and physical difficulties among college students. The purpose of this study was to examine whether loneliness might be a factor associated with increased risk of self‐injury among college students. The findings did not support the hypothesis that self‐injury would be associated with elevated levels of loneliness. The findings were significant but in the opposite direction than expected. Furthermore, the findings regarding gender are in contrast to findings of previous research.  相似文献   

Highlighting and taking notes are equally ineffective when Reading paper or eText     

Leonard  Samantha  Stroud  Michael J.  Shaw  Raymond J. 《Education and Information Technologies》2021,26(4):3811-3823

Education and Information Technologies - The present study examined whether there is a difference in comprehension when reading from computer-based text versus reading from paper-based text and...  相似文献   

Children Persist Less When Adults Take Over     

Julia A. Leonard  Dominique N. Martinez  Samantha C. Dashineau  Anne T. Park  Allyson P. Mackey 《Child development》2021,92(4):1325-1336

Children need to learn to persist through challenges, yet adults sometimes step in to solve problems for them. Here, we looked at how adult taking over related to children’s persistence. In an observational study (N = 34, ages 4–8), we found that parents who took over more often during a challenging puzzle task rated their children as dispositionally less persistent. To establish whether taking over can cause reduced persistence, we ran two preregistered experiments (N = 150, ages 4–5). Children assigned to a taking over condition persisted less on a subsequent task compared to those in a teaching or a baseline condition. Reframing the context did not ameliorate the negative impact of taking over. The results suggest that taking over impairs children’s persistence.  相似文献   

Living–Learning Programs and First-Generation College Students’ Academic and Social Transition to College     

Karen Kurotsuchi Inkelas  Zaneeta E. Daver  Kristen E. Vogt  Jeannie Brown Leonard 《Research in higher education》2007,48(4):403-434

This study examines the role of living–learning (L/L) programs in facilitating first-generation students’ perceived academic and social transition to college. Using a sample of 1,335 first-generation students from 33 4-year institutions who participated in the National Study of Living–Learning Programs during Spring 2004, the results of the study show that first-generation students in L/L programs reported a more successful academic and social transition to college than their first-generation counterparts living in a traditional residence hall setting. In addition, interactions with faculty members and using residence hall resources facilitated an easier academic transition for first-generation students in L/L programs, and supportive residence hall climates were related to an easier social transition. A preliminary interpretation of this study’s results is that structured activities, such as faculty interaction and residence hall programming, are more influential for this population than informal peer groups. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, Canada.  相似文献   

An experimental test of an extended discretion approach for high school biology laboratory investigations     

William H. Leonard  Gordon R. Cavana  Lawrence F. Lowery 《科学教学研究杂志》1981,18(6):497-504

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Evaluating the Effectiveness of Scientific Visualization In Two PowerPoint Delivery Strategies on Science Learning for Preservice Science Teachers     

Eric N. Wiebe  David A. Slykhuis  Leonard A. Annetta 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2007,5(2):329-348

Slideware applications (e.g., PowerPoint) have become more prevalent in instruction across disciplines. This is especially true at post secondary institutions where many instructors are using slideware as a sole instructional tool. This study evaluated the relative effectiveness of scientific visualization in two PowerPoint delivery strategies on science learning for preservice teachers. Twenty-five preservice teachers enrolled in an undergraduate introduction to science education class were stratified into two PowerPoint delivery strategies. The strategies were: PowerPoint with instructor voiceover narration and PowerPoint without voiceover. Post-test Mann-Whitney U suggested no differences (p > 0.05) in science learning across the two strategies. Further, eye tracking analysis suggests voiceover guides the PowerPoint user to graphics and text, but voiceover does not significantly affect learning. Results suggest immediacy with technology doesn't necessarily produce meaningful learning. Good teaching still is the key component of meaningful learning.  相似文献