The Principle of Mutual Exclusivity in Word Learning: To Honor or Not to Honor?   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Terry Kit-fong Au  Mariana Glusman 《Child development》1990,61(5):1474-1490

According to Markman and Wachtel, children assume that nouns pick out mutually exclusive object categories, and so each object should have only one category label. While this assumption can be useful in word learning, it is not entirely reliable. Therefore, children need to learn when to and when not to make this assumption. 6 studies examined whether knowledge about hierarchical organization of categories and about cross-language equivalents for object labels can help children limit their use of this assumption appropriately. These studies revealed that adults as well as children resisted assigning 2 novel names to the same object in some situations. By age 4, children also seemed to know enough about categorization to accept 2 names for an object if the names picked out categories from different levels of a hierarchy (e.g., animal and lemur) but not if they picked out categories from the same level (e.g., lemur and seal). Moreover, monolingual as well as bilingual children seemed to know enough about languages to accept 2 names for the same object if the names clearly came from different languages. Together, these findings suggest that even preschool children can make use of knowledge about language and categorization to fine tune the mutual exclusivity assumption in order to use it effectively in word learning.  相似文献   

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY,ABILITIES AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN A SPECIAL CLASS     

László Balogh  Kálmán Nagy 《High Ability Studies》1991,2(2):134-138

Two years have passed since our first report on the project with primary school children at Törökszentmiklós. New results indicate that participation in the project has accelerated the development of abilities, has led to mainly favourable personality changes and has promoted the formation of advantageous social structures in the classroom. In the future, in addition to increasing support for the children's personal wellbeing (for instance, provision of more free time, promotion of communication skills), the work of four terms will be completed in three.  相似文献   

Microwave Treatment for Pest Control: Coleoptera Insects in Wooden Objects     

Mariana Patrascu  Mariana Pruna 《文物保护研究》2018,63(3):155-162

By far the most common species of woodworms perceived to be the main cause of damage to wood, and in particular to wooden art objects, are Anobium punctatum de Geer and Hylotrupes bajulas of Coleoptera family. In search of non-chemical methods for eradicating these wood pests, microwave (MW) heating can be an effective tool to help control the insects in their different life stages (eggs, larvae, and adult). The effect of 2.45?GHz frequency MW exposure on wooden art objects is described and discussed. MW heating time is reported in connection with lethal temperature of the pest and moisture content of the treated wooden object. The treatment was carried out using Microwood 12, especially conceived for portability, easy operation, and control. Microwood 12 consists of a switch mode high-voltage power supply and an industrial continuous wave magnetron connected to a rectangular-shaped horn antenna. The measure of temperature and control of operation is done via a built-in infrared thermometer.  相似文献   

How students use their libraries: A case study of four academic libraries     

Irene Lopatovska  Mariana Regalado 《College & Undergraduate Libraries》2016,23(4):381-399

The purpose of this study was to explore the similarities and differences in student behavior in or uses of four academic libraries in the greater New York City area. Using on-site observations and semistructured interviews, the authors collected data about resources and tools used by students as well as their academic and nonacademic activities and contributing factors. Across all four libraries, the study identified that students were actively engaged in academic pursuits utilizing multiple library resources while working with print and digital tools. Students were also observed resting, eating, and engaging in other nonacademic activities. The variations in student behaviors across the four libraries can be explained by contextual variables that influence students' behavior in a library, including student demographics, academic requirements, work habits, and disciplinary affiliations.  相似文献   

The New State Policy for Teacher Education and Training in Bulgaria: An overview of provision for vocational education     

Mariana Ilieva  Senia Terzieva 《欧洲师范教育杂志》2000,23(3):299-306

The dynamics of change in Bulgaria are supported by changes in state policy in the development of the education system. Since 1995, the training of teachers for vocational education has taken a leading place in this policy: two decrees of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria have been published which regulate the activity of higher education institutions in that sphere. The new strategy broadens the scope of educational structures and regulates the most significant aspects in the training of teachers for vocational education-the curriculum, the ways of organising teacher education and its staffing. The present commentary interprets the didactic and pedagogical essence of the different rules and the professional and psychological consequences of their adoption in real life. On the basis of the results of the current state policy, it can be concluded that its impact on the quality of the education for the attainment of qualified teacher status is positive with respect to human resource development and the motivation of university lecturers for the successful fulfilment of their mission in this direction. Les changements dynamiques en Bulgarie se voient favorisés par les changements de la politique d'Etat au niveau de l'enseignement ainsi que par le développement du système éducatif dans ses différents degrés. Depuis 1995 la formation de professeurs pour les écoles professionnelles repose sur une nouvelle base normative. Cette dernière fixe le règlement des activités des écoles supérieures en ce qui concerne la formation des professeurs. La stratégie moderne élargit l'éventail des structures d'enseignement et règle les aspects les plus importants du développement institutionnel de l'enseignement dont le but est l'obtention de la qualification professionnelle de "professeur"-le contenu éducatif (standards), les procédés d'organisation de l'enseignement et les exigences concernant les effectifs académiques. L'analyse présentée ici, donne une interprétation de l'entité didactique des différents règlements ainsi que de certaines conséquences pédagogiques et psychologiques dues à leur transposition dans les conditions réelles de la pratique d'études. Du caractère même des changements en cours dans la politique d'Etat résultent les conclusions illustrant l'influence de celle-ci sur la qualité de la formation des professeurs, sur les aspects positifs du développement des ressources humaines et sur la stimulation des enseignants dans la réalisation de leur mission éducative. Los cambios dinámicos en Bulgaria se ven favorecidos por los cambios de la política educacional del Estado así como por el desarrollo del sistema educativo en sus diferentes niveles. Desde 1995 existe una nueva base normativa que reglamenta la actividad de las escuelas superiores en lo concerniente a la capacitación de maestros para las escuelas profesionales. La nueva estrategia amplía las estructuras educacionales y regula los aspectos más significativos del desarrollo institucional de la enseñanza para la obtención de la calificación profesional de "maestro"-el contenido educativo (estándar), las formas de organización de la enseñanza y las exigencias hacia el cuerpo docente. El análisis expuesto aquí presenta una interpretación esenciadle carácter didáctico de los diferentes reglamentos y de algunas consecuencias pedagógicas y psicológicas de la aplicación de dichos reglamentos bajo condiciones reales de la práctica docente. A partir del carácter de los cambios actuales en la política estatal se ha llegado a conclusiones sobre la influencia de esta política en la calidad de la capacitación de los maestros, sobre su papel positivo en el desarrollo de los recursos humanos y en el incentivo a los profesores universitarios para el cumplimiento de su tarea. Die dynamische Veränderungen in Bulgarien wurden durch Änderung der Staafsausbildungspolititk und Entwicklung der Bildung in verschiedenen Schichten unterstützt. Seit 1995 ist die Vorbereitung der Lehrer für die Berufsschulen auf eine neue Normativbasis gestellt. Sie reglamentiert die Tätigkeiten der Hochschulen in Richtung Lehrerausbildung. Die neue Strategie erweitert das Gebiet der Ausbildungstrukturen und reguliert die bedeutende Gesichtspunkte in Institutionalentwicklung der Berufsqualifikation Lehrer-Unterrichtsinhalt, die Organisationsmethoden und die Anforderung am Akademiebestand. Die vorlegende Analyse gibt sowohl eine Interpretation des didaktischen Wesens verschiedener Reglament, als auch einige Pädagogische und psychologische Folgen der Einsaz in realen Ausbildungspraxis. Aus der Änderung der Staatspolitik sind einige Schlussfolgerungen gezogen-ihr Einfuss auf die Bildungsqualität der Lehrer, auf die positive Aspekte menschlichen Ressourceentwicklung und Stimulierung der Universitätslehrer in dieser Richtung.  相似文献   

DEVELOPING TALENTED CHILDREN: PROBLEMS AND EXPERIENCES     

László Balogh  Kálmán Nagy 《High Ability Studies》1991,1(2):179-186

A project in the 7th and 8th grades aimed at providing the best possible school conditions to promote development of the abilities of children aged 13–14. The children's activity was founded on two main psychological and pedagogical principles: adequate motivation, and individual differentiation. The children's development was monitored by means of intelligence and personality tests. The main results were as follows: there was a pronounced improvement in the performance tasks, but no significant development in verbal tasks; the role of inner motives had greatly increased but the pupils had become more tense and impatient by the end of the school year. Necessary alterations in the project are outlined.  相似文献   

Whiplash     

Mariana B. Davenport 《The Educational forum》2013,77(3)

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Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava to obtain fermentable sugars     

Renata M. Collares  Luiza V. S. Miklasevicius  Mariana M. Bassaco  Nina P. G. Salau  Marcio A. Mazutti  Dilson A. Bisognin  Lisiane M. Terra 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2012,13(7):579-586

This work evaluates the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch from cassava using pectinase, α-amylase, and amyloglucosidase. A central composite rotational design (CCRD) was carried out to evaluate the effects of amyloglucosidase, pectinase, reaction time, and solid to liquid ratio. All the experiments were carried out in a bioreactor with working volume of 2 L. Approximately 98% efficiency hydrolysis was obtained, resulting in a concentration of total reducing sugar released of 160 g/L. It was concluded that pectinase improved the hydrolysis of starch from cassava. Reaction time was found to be significant until 7 h of reaction. A solid to liquid ratio of 1.0 was considered suitable for hydrolysis of starch from cassava. Amyloglucosidase was a significant variable in the process: after its addition to the reaction media, a 30%–50% increase in the amount of total reducing sugar released was observed. At optimal conditions the maximum productivity obtained was 22.9 g/(L·h).  相似文献   

Absence of postzygotic isolating mechanisms: evidence from experimental hybridization between two species of tropical sea urchins     

M. Aminur Rahman  Tsuyoshi Uehara  Aziz Arshad  Fatimah Md. Yusoff  Mariana Nor Shamsudin 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2012,13(10):797-810

Two reef margin species of tropical sea urchins, Echinometra sp. C (Ec) and Echinometra oblonga (Eo), occur sympatrically on Okinawa intertidal reefs in southern Japan. Hybridization between these species was examined through a series of cross-fertilization experiments. At limited sperm concentrations, where conspecific crosses reached near 100% fertilization, both heterospecific crosses showed high fertilization rates (81%–85%). The compatibility of the gametes demonstrated that if gamete recognition molecules are involved in fertilization of these species, they are not strongly species-specific. We found that conspecific crosses reached peak fertilization levels much faster than did heterospecific crosses, indicating the presence of a prezygotic barrier to hybridization in the gametes. Larval survival, metamorphosis, and juvenile and adult survival of hybrid groups were nearly identical to those of their parent species. Hybrids from crosses in both directions developed normally through larval stages to sexually mature adults, indicating that neither gametic incompatibility nor hybrid inviability appeared to maintain reproductive isolation between these species. In adults, Ec×Ec crosses gave the highest live weight, followed by Eo (ova)×Ec (sperm), Ec (ova)×Eo (sperm), and Eo×Eo. Other growth performance measures (viz., test size, Aristotle’s lantern length, and gonad index) of hybrid groups and their parental siblings showed the same trends. The phenotypic color patterns of the hybrids were closer to the maternal coloration, whereas spine length, tube-foot and gonad spicule characteristics, pedicellaria valve length, and gamete sizes showed intermediate features. Adult F₁ hybrids were completely fertile and displayed high fertilization success in F₁ backcrosses, eliminating the likelihood that hybrid sterility is a postzygotic mechanism of reproductive isolation. Conversely, intensive surveys failed to find hybrid individuals in the field, suggesting the lack or rarity of natural hybridization. This strongly suggests that reproductive isolation is achieved by prezygotic isolating mechanism(s). Of these mechanisms, habitat segregation, gamete competition, differences in spawning times, gametic incompatibility or other genetic and non-genetic factors appear to be important in maintaining the integrity of these species.  相似文献   

Virtual Reference: Chat with Us!     

Mariana Lapidus  Irena Bond 《Medical reference services quarterly》2013,32(2):133-142

Virtual chat services represent an exciting way to provide patrons of medical libraries with instant reference help in an academic environment. The purpose of this article is to examine the implementation, marketing process, use, and development of a virtual reference service initiated at the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences and its three-campus libraries. In addition, this paper will discuss practical recommendations for the future improvement of the service.  相似文献