The Mark of Criminality: Rhetoric,Race, and Gangsta Rap in the War-on-Crime Era     

Matthew Houdek 《Quarterly Journal of Speech》2018,104(4):444-448

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Dealing with non‐normality: an introduction and step‐by‐step guide using R          下载免费PDF全文

Matthew G.R. Courtney  Kevin C. Chang 《Teaching Statistics》2018,40(2):51-59

The article presents some notes on normalization and illustrates these procedures using graphing functions in R. Using real data, the paper also presents an R package and online Shiny app that efficiently transforms variables in large datasets.  相似文献   

Rolling Back Zero Tolerance: The Effect of Discipline Policy Reform on Suspension Usage and Student Outcomes     

Johanna Lacoe  Matthew P. Steinberg 《Peabody Journal of Education》2018,93(2):207-227

Beginning in the early 1990s, states and districts enacted zero-tolerance discipline policies that relied heavily on out-of-school suspensions. Recently, districts nationwide have revised these policies in favor of more tempered disciplinary responses. In 2012–2013, Philadelphia reformed its discipline policy to limit suspensions for nonviolent student misconduct and granted principals greater discretion in responding to more serious occurrences of student misconduct. Employing a difference-in-differences approach, we find that Philadelphia's reform resulted in a modest decline in suspensions for nonviolent infractions in the year of reform; however, total suspensions remained unchanged while serious incidents of student misconduct increased. Further, the truancy rate increased and district math and English language arts achievement declined following the policy reform. These findings should inform policymakers and practitioners on the implications of district-level reforms for suspension usage and the potential consequences for student outcomes.  相似文献   

The influence of successive matches on match-running performance during an under-23 international soccer tournament: The necessity of individual analysis     

Matthew C. Varley  Valter Di Salvo  Mattia Modonutti  Warren Gregson  Alberto Mendez-Villanueva 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(5):585-591

This study investigated the effects of successive matches on match-running in elite under-23 soccer players during an international tournament. Match-running data was collected using a semi-automated multi-camera tracking system during an international under-23 tournament from all participating outfield players. Players who played 100% of all group stage matches were included (3 matches separated by 72 h, n = 44). Differences in match-running performance between matches were identified using a generalised linear mixed model. There were no clear effects for total, walking, jogging, running, high-speed running and sprinting distance between matches 1 and 3 (effect size (ES); ?0.32 to 0.05). Positional analysis found that sprint distance was largely maintained from matches 1 to 3 across all positions. Attackers had a moderate decrease in total, jogging and running distance between matches 1 and 3 (ES; ?0.72 to ?0.66). Classifying players as increasers or decreasers in match-running revealed that match-running changes are susceptible to individual differences. Sprint performance appears to be maintained over successive matches regardless of playing position. However, reductions in other match-running categories vary between positions. Changes in match-running over successive matches affect individuals differently; thus, players should be monitored on an individual basis.  相似文献   

Six-year body composition change in male elite senior rugby league players     

Ben Jones  Kevin Till  Gregory Roe  John O’Hara  Matthew Lees  Matthew J. Barlow 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(3):266-271

This study investigated the change in body composition and bone mineral content (BMC) of senior rugby league (RL) players between 2008 and 2014. Twelve male professional RL players (age, 24.6 ± 4.0 years; stature, 183.4 ± 8.4 cm) received a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan during preseason in 2008 and 2014. Between 2008 and 2014, very likely increases in leg lean mass (LM), total trunk and leg BMC, and a likely increase in arm BMC and possible increases in body mass (BM), total and trunk fat mass (FM), and total, trunk and arm LM were observed. Unlikely decreases and unclear changes in leg and arm FM were also found. Large negative correlations were observed between age and BM (r = ?0.72), LM (r = ?0.70), FM (r = ?0.61) and BMC (r = ?0.84) change. Three participants (19.1 ± 1.6 years) increased LM by 7.0–9.3 kg. Younger players had the largest increases in LM during this period, although an older player (30-year old) still increased LM. Differences in body composition change were also observed for participants of the same age, thus contextual factors should be considered. This study demonstrates the individuality of body composition changes in senior professional rugby players, while considering the potential change in young athletes.  相似文献   

Are habitual runners physically inactive?     

Timo Rantalainen  Arto J. Pesola  Matthew Quittner  Nicola D. Ridgers  Daniel L. Belavy 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(16):1793-1800

The World Health Organisation’s (WHO) physical activity guidelines recommend 150min/week of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) accumulated in 10 min bouts. To see whether people performing habitual exercise for recreation meet these guidelines, 25 long-distance runners [mean 67 km/wk], 25 joggers [mean 28 km/wk], and 20 sedentary adults wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer for 7 days. Sedentary time and bouts were similar in runners and sedentary adults (p > 0.46). Sedentary adults performed 20 ± 16 min/day of MVPA (usual bout duration (W50%): 9.53 ± 3.45min), with joggers and runners performing 45 ± 31min (W50%: 16.92 ± 9.53min) and 83 ± 58min (W50%: 20.35 ± 8.85min), respectively (p ≤ 0.001 versus sedentary group). Data showed that 65% of the sedentary group, 32% of joggers and 4% of long-distance runners did not meet the WHO guideline for MVPA. Failure to meet the guideline was most prominent in, but not restricted to, runners who reported ≤50km running per week. Self-reported running does not ensure adults meet physical activity guidelines or offset daily sedentary behaviours. On the other hand, the sedentary group was very close in accumulating recommended bouts of MVPA in incidental activities. Future studies should assess whether modification of work and leisure physical activity would be more fruitful than encouraging recreational exercise per se in meeting physical activity guidelines.  相似文献   

Performance improvement: Applying a human performance model to organizational processes in a military training environment     

Wayne Aaberg  Carla J. Thompson  Haywood V. West  Matthew J. Swiergosz 《Performance Improvement》2009,48(5):16-24

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Professional Development?+?Coaching?=?Enhanced Teaching: Increasing Usage of Math Mediated Language in Preschool Classrooms     

Loretta C. Rudd  Matthew C. Lambert  Macy Satterwhite  Cinda H. Smith 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2009,37(1):63-69

In an effort to determine the most efficacious manner to deliver professional development training to early childhood educators, this study investigated the effect of a 2-h workshop followed by side-by-side classroom coaching. Twelve early childhood educators with 4-year degrees teaching in a university child development center participated in the study. The twice weekly classroom observations were analyzed for the use of math mediated language. Results indicate a 56% increase of math mediated language following the professional development; however, the greatest increase (39% increase over professional development condition) occurred during the side-by-side coaching phase of the treatment. These results corroborate previous findings that implementation of teaching strategies presented in professional development trainings can be enhanced by coaching teachers on the use of the strategies.  相似文献   

Learning-related shifts in generalization gradients for complex sounds     

Matthew G. Wisniewski  Barbara A. Church  Eduardo Mercado 《Learning & behavior》2009,37(4):325-335

Learning to discriminate stimuli can alter how one distinguishes related stimuli. For instance, training an individual to differentiate between two stimuli along a single dimension can alter how that individual generalizes learned responses. In this study, we examined the persistence of shifts in generalization gradients after training with sounds. University students were trained to differentiate two sounds that varied along a complex acoustic dimension. The students were subsequently tested on their ability to recognize a sound that they had experienced during training when it was presented among several novel sounds varying along this same dimension. Peak shift was observed in Experiment 1, in which generalization tests immediately followed training, and in Experiment 2, in which the tests were delayed by 24 h. These findings further support the universality of generalization processes across species, modalities, and levels of stimulus complexity. They also raise new questions about the mechanisms underlying learning-related shifts in generalization gradients. The sound stimuli from this study are available as .wav files from http://lb.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.  相似文献   

Comment on "Use of deterministic models in sports and exercise biomechanics research" by Chow and Knudson (2011)     

Glazier PS  Robins MT 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2012,11(1):120-2; author reply 123-4

Although deterministic models may provide a useful starting point for sports biomechanists examining the mechanical aspects of athletic performance, they have inherent weaknesses that limit their proctical application. Specifically, their inability to provide substantive information about coordinative movement patterns or 'technique' suggests that sports biomechanists must explore alternative paradigms and theoretical frameworks if they are to fulfil their main aims of improving performance and reducing injury risk. We believe that dynamical systems theory and its associated analytical tools can provide a useful adjunct to more traditional paradigms in sport biomechanics, such as deterministic modelling, which have only made a limit contribution to the enhancement of knowledge.  相似文献