Integrative goals for instructional design     

Robert M. Gagné  M. David Merrill 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1990,38(1):23-30

Finding considerable agreement in their previous writings regarding the singular types of learning outcomes, the authors affirm a need to identify learning goals that require an integration of multiple objectives. The occurrence of multiple objectives is frequently encountered when instruction must reach beyond the individual topic or single lesson to the module, section, or course. It is proposed that such integration of objectives be conceived in terms of the pursuit of a comprehensive purpose in which the learner is engaged, called anenterprise. Given such an integrative goal of performance resulting from instruction, the various single objectives are viewed as being integrated as constituents of anenterprise schema. Three varieties of enterprise and their associated enterprise schemas are described, designated by their goals asdenoting, manifesting, anddiscovering. It is suggested that instructional design procedures include provisions for the learning of enterprise schemas when the integration of multiple objectives is required. Such schemas are also seen as playing a facilitating role in transfer of training.  相似文献   

Progress in the measurement of laterality and implications for dyslexia research     

Merrill Hiscock  Marcel Kinsbourne M.D. 《Annals of dyslexia》1995,45(1):247-268

Much of contemporary laterality research has been motivated by a need to increase the accuracy with which individuals can be classified as left- or right-hemisphere dominant for speech and language. Efforts to improve the classification accuracy of laterality methods have led not only to the refinement of laterality methods but also to the discovery of some of the mechanisms that contribute to asymmetric performance. Despite these advances, laterality methods still do not lead to definitive conclusions about hemispheric specialization in the individual case, and special caution must be used when interpreting results for individual dyslexic children. Event-related measurements of cerebral metabolism, still in the development phase, promise to complement but not replace behavioral laterality methods.  相似文献   

To Again Feel the Creative Voice     

Stephen J. Merrill 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2007,5(1):145-164

Science and mathematics education needs to serve several (possibly contradictory) motivating goals. One is found in the movement for a universal literacy in the central principles and methods of the disciplines. The second is the need to provide the experiences and background that makes possible the production of scientists and engineers. A complication in both efforts is that the formal education takes place over many years, and the application of the layers of information, understanding, and sophistication need also be aware of the age of the student and what has come before. These efforts require clear ideas as to the end goal of the process and attention to assessment. Receiving less attention is the need to also feed and nurture the creative side of those who would become professionals, as creative approaches will be a central and necessary aspect of their work and thought. In this paper, I address the use of a course in mathematical modeling taught over a period of 25 years to undergraduate students of mathematics, mathematics education, computer science, and engineering, as a method to open up creative pathways. Through an historical discussion of the role and nature of creativity in the sciences and mathematics, a process to have students find their creative voice is described in the context of this course.  相似文献   

Early Childhood Education: A Methods and Materials Book by Harold D. Love and W. H. Osborne. Springfield,I11.: Charles C Thomas, 1971. 144 pp. $6.50     

Janet L. Merrill 《The Educational forum》2013,77(2)

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数字技术,让新闻业的未来起步于现在     

吴万伟 《青年记者》2011,(28)

当前,探讨新闻业的未来是美国新闻界各种研讨会的主要话题,引起许多新闻企业高管、记者和学者的思考.有些悲观的人甚至怀疑新闻业到底有没有未来.鉴于此,在今年9月底举行的美国在线新闻协会年会不再有专门讨论“新闻的未来”的小组会议.本次年会的焦点是新闻机构和记者在当前应该拥抱的数字技术.  相似文献   

Teaching speech in the military bases     

Merrill G. Christophersen 《Communication quarterly》2013,61(1):10-12

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Education and Welfare: Issues in Co-ordination and Co-operation     

Merrill Clarke 《Pastoral Care in Education》2013,31(1):51-59

Allison and Von Wald (2010) highlight the substantial opportunities presented by expeditions to address the crucial topic of personal and social development. The present paper wishes to address the apparent oversight of transfer within such learning experiences. Issues that need to be addressed if the impact of transfer is to be optimised are exemplified using four categories, relating to both outcome and process considerations. Furthermore, it is argued that transfer should not be assumed, but rather carefully planned for and attended to as part of any curriculum or development activity. Consequently, facilitation of transfer outcomes by a leader may need to involve both transactional and transformational direction, in addition to consideration of environmental factors and the participants themselves.  相似文献   

Social stability and harmony: A new mission for the press?     

John C. Merrill 《亚洲交流杂志》2013,23(2):33-52

The world appears to be ready for a new journalism paradigm— one that stresses order and social harmony. Western media dominance is still a fact of life as the 21st century dawns. But the social form, pulling ever more complex populations toward order, cooperation, and a need for authority, is thrusting media systems into a new and more harmonious communitarianism.

The harbinger of such a drift away from the older libertarianism is found even in the US where public journalism is being heralded by many as an antidote to harmful effects of 18th Century Enlightenment liberalism that is accused of pushing journalism increasingly toward social irresponsibility and even chaos.  相似文献   

ID expert 2.0: Design theory and process     

Zhongmin Li  M. David Merrill 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1991,39(2):53-69

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Examining the Impact of Question Surface Features on Students’ Answers to Constructed-Response Questions on Photosynthesis     

Michele Weston  Kevin C. Haudek  Luanna Prevost  Mark Urban-Lurain  John Merrill 《CBE life sciences education》2015,14(2)

One challenge in science education assessment is that students often focus on surface features of questions rather than the underlying scientific principles. We investigated how student written responses to constructed-response questions about photosynthesis vary based on two surface features of the question: the species of plant and the order of two question prompts. We asked four versions of the question with different combinations of the two plant species and order of prompts in an introductory cell biology course. We found that there was not a significant difference in the content of student responses to versions of the question stem with different species or order of prompts, using both computerized lexical analysis and expert scoring. We conducted 20 face-to-face interviews with students to further probe the effects of question wording on student responses. During the interviews, we found that students thought that the plant species was neither relevant nor confusing when answering the question. Students identified the prompts as both relevant and confusing. However, this confusion was not specific to a single version.  相似文献