The World Bank Policies: Damned if you do,damned if you don't     

Claudio De Moura Castro 《比较教育学》2002,38(4):387-399

To some, the World Bank is the all-powerful arm of imperialism. Others regret that it is powerless, incapable of influencing policies in the countries in which it operates. This paper discusses these issues, as seen by the author, a former employee both of the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank, as well as a civil servant and consultant at the receiving end of the loans. This experience provides an inside view but the reader has to be warned of the biases that might have resulted from it.  相似文献   

Genetic Moderation of Intervention Efficacy: Dopaminergic Genes,The Incredible Years,and Externalizing Behavior in Children          下载免费PDF全文

Rabia R. Chhangur  Joyce Weeland  Geertjan Overbeek  Walter Matthys  Bram Orobio de Castro  Danielle van der Giessen  Jay Belsky 《Child development》2017,88(3):796-811

This study investigated whether children scoring higher on a polygenic plasticity index based on five dopaminergic genes (DRD4, DRD2, DAT1, MAOA, and COMT) benefited the most from the Incredible Years (IY) parent program. Data were used from a randomized controlled trial including 341 Dutch families with 4‐ to 8‐year‐old children (55.7% boys) showing moderate to high levels of problem behavior. IY proved to be most effective in decreasing parent‐reported (but not observed) externalizing behavior in boys (but not girls) carrying more rather than fewer dopaminergic plasticity alleles; this Gene × Intervention effect was most pronounced in the case of boys whose parents’ manifested the most positive change in parenting in response to the intervention. These results proved robust across a variety of sampling specifications (e.g., intention to treat, ethnicity).  相似文献   

Peer perceptions of hyperactivity and medication effects     

C K Whalen  B Henker  J Castro  D Granger 《Child development》1987,58(3):816-828

This study focused on peer sensitivity to differences in social behaviors between hyperactive and normal comparison peers and, especially, to medication-related behavioral differences. In Study 1, normal sixth graders rated videotapes of normal and hyperactive boys playing a social interaction game. Half of the hyperactive boys were taking methylphenidate, and the other half placebo. In Study 2, fourth- and sixth-grade children rated a different sample of hyperactive boys (seen on both methylphenidate and placebo) playing the same interaction game. Hyperactive boys taking placebo were perceived as exhibiting more externalizing problem behaviors than either medicated hyperactive boys or comparison boys. The medication effects were robust, spanning many behavioral domains and emerging consistently across the 2 studies. There were few grade or gender differences. Discussion focused on children's detection of treatment-related differences in the social behaviors of their peers, as well as on the imperfect relation between social behavior and social standing.  相似文献   

Associations of total sedentary time,screen time and non-screen sedentary time with adiposity and physical fitness in youth: the mediating effect of physical activity     

Verónica Cabanas-Sánchez  David Martínez-Gómez  Irene Esteban-Cornejo  Alejandro Pérez-Bey  José Castro Piñero  Oscar L. Veiga 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(8):839-849

The aims of the present study were: i) to examine the associations of total accelerometer-based sedentary time (ST) and specific-domain self-reported ST (i.e., screen-based, educational-based, social-based, and other-based ST) with adiposity and physical fitness in youth; and ii) to analyse the mediation effect of physical activity (PA) on associations.

This study was conducted with 415 children (9.1 ± 0.4 years) and 853 adolescents (13.6 ± 1.6 years) in Spain during 2011–2012. Total ST and PA were assessed by accelerometry. Leisure-time spent in twelve sedentary behaviours was self-reported. Adiposity and physical fitness was measured following the ALPHA battery for youth.

Total accelerometer-based ST was positively associated with global adiposity score in children, and negatively associated with global physical fitness score in children and adolescents; but relationships were not independent of PA. PA mediated all associations of accelerometer-based and self-reported ST with adiposity or physical fitness in children. Conversely, screen-, educational-, social-, and other-based ST were negatively related to physical fitness in adolescents, independently of PA.

These findings give an impetus to developing effective strategies for specifically promoting PA in children and for increasing PA while reducing ST in adolescents in order to produce improvements on adiposity and physical fitness.  相似文献   

Functional shoulder ratios with high velocities of shoulder internal rotation are most sensitive to determine shoulder rotation torque imbalance: a cross-sectional study with elite handball players and controls     

Marcelo Peduzzi de Castro  Pedro Fonseca  Sara Tribuzi Morais  Márcio Borgonovo-Santos  Eduardo Filipe Cruz Coelho  Daniel Cury Ribeiro 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2019,18(1):39-50

The aim of the present study was to determine which approach to calculating shoulder ratios is the most sensitive for determining shoulder torque imbalance in handball players. Twenty-six participants (handball athletes, n = 13; healthy controls, n = 13) performed isokinetic concentric and eccentric shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) assessment at 60, 180 and 300°/s. We used eight approaches to calculating shoulder ratios: four concentric (i.e. concentric ER torque divided by concentric IR torque), and four functional (i.e. eccentric ER torque divided by concentric IR torque) at the velocities of 60, 180 and 300°/s for both IR and ER, and combining 60°/s of ER and 300°/s of IR. A three factorial ANOVA (factors: shoulder ratios, upper limb sides, and groups) along with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis, and effect sizes were calculated. The findings suggested the functional shoulder ratio combining 60°/s of ER and 300°/s of IR is the most sensitive to detect differences between upper limbs for handball players, and between players and controls for the dominant side. The functional shoulder ratio combining 60°/s of ER with 300°/s of IR seems to present advantages over the other approaches for identifying upper limb asymmetries and differences in shoulder torque balance related to throwing.  相似文献   

Cardiac autonomic and haemodynamic recovery after a single session of aerobic exercise with and without blood flow restriction in older adults     

Marina Lívia Venturini Ferreira  Amanda Veiga Sardeli  Giovana Vergínia De Souza  Valéria Bonganha  Lucas Do Carmo Santos  Alex Castro 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(24):2412-2420

This study investigated the autonomic and haemodynamic responses to different aerobic exercise loads, with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). In a crossover study, 21 older adults (8 males and 13 females) completed different aerobic exercise sessions: low load without BFR (LL) (40% VO_2max), low load with BFR (LL-BFR) (40% VO_2max + 50% BFR) and high load without BFR (HL) (70% VO_2max). Heart rate variability and haemodynamic responses were recorded during rest and throughout 30 min of recovery. HL reduced R–R interval, the root mean square of successive difference of R–R intervals and high frequency during 30 min of recovery at a greater magnitude compared with LL and LL-BFR. Sympathetic–vagal balance increased the values for HL during 30 min of recovery at a greater magnitude when compared with LL and LL-BFR. Post-exercise haemodynamic showed reduced values of double product at 30 min of recovery compared to rest in LL-BFR, while HL showed higher values compared to rest, LL-BFR and LL. Reduced systolic blood pressure was observed for LL-BFR (30 min) compared to rest. Autonomic and haemodynamic responses indicate lower cardiovascular stress after LL-BFR compared to HL, being this method, besides the functional adaptations, a potential choice to attenuate the cardiovascular stress after exercise in older adults.  相似文献   

Every Window of Opportunity Needs a Frame to Support It. DAB in Spain: Analog Matters     

Montse Bonet 《Journal of Radio & Audio Media》2017,24(1):61-76

Radio broadcasting in Spain is still analog and DAB is awaiting its opportunity. Without an audience or receivers, Spanish free-to-air digital radio is inconsequential, merely anecdotal, although the European context is changing and some countries have been investing more in this distribution platform in recent years. This article aims to answer the question why DAB in Spain does not have anyone willing to bring it back to the forefront. To do so, we use the idea of the “window of opportunity” and, along with path-dependence, we place it in the theoretical framework of the main constructivist approaches.  相似文献   

Juxtapositioning Geriatrics and Art: The Essence of Caring,Carer, and Cared-for in Films     

Allan B. de Guzman  Bobbie Jo H. Carungcong  Jasper Q. Castillo  Joyce Anne A. Castillo  Jenelyn S. Castro 《Educational gerontology》2013,39(6):485-502

The need to revolutionize geriatric nursing is dawning. However, there is a negative view regarding this nursing field. The dearth of literature on the use of theatrical films to surface universal realities in a care-driven profession has led to this attempt of bringing to reality the essences of caring, carer, and cared-for and their interactions with each other. This paper presents an innovation of selecting a film (Away From Her) to surface the essences, or lebenswelt, of three universal realities: caring, carer, and cared-for. Content analysis and appreciative inquiry were utilized to achieve the objectives of this study. This bold attempt to tap the field of art, particularly films, has led to the genesis of three themes that resulted from the interaction of the objects under study. The C³ (Carer-Caring-Cared-for) Interaction Model crystallizes the nexus between and among living, learning, and loving in geriatric practice.  相似文献   

Transitions in the manifestations of the research culture of Spanish universities     

Georgeta Ion  Diego Castro Ceacero 《高等教育研究与发展》2017,36(2):311-324

Universities must adapt to the challenges of social competitiveness and its new demands but there is still little evidence of how these changes are perceived by the academics. This paper provides insight on this matter and analyses the research culture of five Spanish universities from the perspective of the different academic bodies. A qualitative methodology was employed in the study based on 43 in-depth interviews with institutional leaders (vice-rectors and managers), responsible for research activity, (directors of research centres) and individual researchers (doctoral and postdoctoral researchers). The results point to a clear change in the institutional mission that moves from an institutional model where teaching and research cohabitate together towards another where research activity intensifies. The manifestations of the new research culture is characterised by the quest for efficiency and competitiveness at all levels and bodies. Despite the changes in the university model, participants perceive that the traditional and new models coexist and affect the university structure, the functioning of the centres and departments and the dynamics of the research teams which causes dissatisfaction of the researchers that in this context have to deal with the increasing pressure to publish and obtain external funding to assure ‘survival’. The research culture is also characterised as one that moves towards the scarcity of support measures for training, the confusion perceived between the political discourse and academic practice and the attempt to reposition the university in a social context, through redefining its role and fostering transfer activities.  相似文献   

Introduction     

Castro  São Luís  Cary  Luz 《Reading and writing》2003,16(1-2):1-3

Reading and Writing -  相似文献