Moral Antirealism,Internalism,and Sport     

William J. Morgan 《体育哲学杂志》2013,40(2):161-183

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Changes in swimming technique during time to exhaustion at freely chosen and controlled stroke rates     

Morgan Alberty  François Potdevin  Jeanne Dekerle  Patrick Pelayo  Philippe Gorce  Michel Sidney 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):1191-1200

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess technical changes during constrained swimming in time-to-exhaustion tests. Ten swimmers of national standard performed a maximal 400-m front crawl and two sets of exhaustion tests at 95%, 100%, and 110% of mean 400-m speed. In the first set (free), swimmers had to maintain their speeds until exhaustion and mean stroke rate was recorded for each test. In the second set (controlled), the same speed and individual corresponding stroke rate were imposed. The durations of the exhaustion tests, relative durations of the stroke phases, and arm coordination were analysed. For each speed in the “controlled” set, the exhaustion tests were shorter. Moreover, variables were consistent, suggesting a stabilization of stroke technique. Under the free condition, stroke rate increased to compensate for the decrease in stroke length. At the same time, swimmers reduced the relative duration of their non-propulsive phases in favour of the propulsive phases. Thus, swimmers changed their arm coordination, which came close to an opposition mode. These two constraints enable swimmers both to maintain their stroking characteristics and develop compensatory mechanisms to maintain speed. Moreover, stroke rate can be seen as a useful tool for controlling arm technique during paced exercise.  相似文献   

Interrater Objectivity for Field-Based Fundamental Motor Skill Assessment     

Lisa Barnett  Eric van Beurden  Philip J. Morgan  Doug Lincoln  Avigdor Zask  John Beard 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):363-368

We recently published an article on arm coordination and performance level in 400-m front-crawl swimming in Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (Schnitzler, Seifert, &; Chollet, 2011). The index of coordination (IdC) was used to quantify interarm coordination. Our results showed that expert swimmers exhibited lower IdC than recreational swimmers over a 400-m trial. In addition to criticizing various methodological points, Havriluk (2012) challenged our conclusion that catch-up could be an efficient model of coordination and instead suggested that it might lead to injuries. An important point in this debate, however, is that our definition of catch-up coordination may differ from the one proposed by Havriluk (2012), which would explain why we consider catch-up coordination to be the dominant mode of coordination used by expert swimmers during training sessions.  相似文献   

Testing Social-Cognitive Theory to Explain Physical Activity Change in Adolescent Girls From Low-Income Communities     

Deborah L. Dewar  Ronald C. Plotnikoff  Philip J. Morgan  Anthony D. Okely  Sarah A. Costigan 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):483-491

Purpose

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesized structural paths in Bandura's social-cognitive theory (SCT) model on adolescent girls' physical activity following a 12-month physical activity and dietary intervention to prevent obesity.

Method

We conducted a 12-month follow-up study of 235 adolescent girls (M _age = 13.2 years, SD = 0.4) from 12 secondary schools located in low-income communities. At baseline, participants completed SCT scales related to physical activity (i.e., self-efficacy, intention, parental support, and outcome expectations). At baseline and 12-month follow-up (postintervention), participants wore accelerometers for 7 days. Structural equation modeling was used to determine if Time 1 measures predicted physical activity at 12-month follow-up after adjusting for baseline activity.

Results

The model explained 28% and 34% of the variance in physical activity and intention, respectively. Model fit indexes indicated the data were a good fit to the model; however, only self-efficacy was associated with physical activity at 12 months. There was no support for intention or outcome expectations as proximal determinants of behavior. Self-efficacy was associated with outcome expectations and parental support; however, only outcome expectations predicted intention.

Conclusions

Current findings indicate a large proportion of the variance for physical activity and intention remains unexplained and that the proposed pathways in the SCT model were not fully supported. Future model testing may need to consider augmentation or integration of theoretical models, which may include ecological components if we are to advance our understanding of physical activity behavior in this subgroup of the adolescent population.  相似文献   

Rugby and Revivalism: Sport and Religion in Edwardian Wales     

Gareth Morgan 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(3):434-456

At the turn of the twentieth century two great forces gripped Wales, a nation grappling to assert itself and discover its modern identity. A powerful rugby team captured the nation's imagination just as an unprecedented religious revival swept the land. The conflicts between these social trends would prove a battle for the heart and soul of Welsh people.  相似文献   

Private Higher Education in Russia: capacity for innovation and investment     

Vladimir A. Geroimenko  Grigori A. Kliucharev  W. John Morgan 《European Journal of Education》2012,47(1):77-91

This article considers the potential role of private institutions in the development of Russian higher education. After decades of a government centralised higher education system, there is a clear trend towards the privatisation of education institutions and the diversification of education practices. Some commentators consider this to indicate that the Russian State is losing control of education; others welcome private initiatives, both in formal and informal education. Russian higher education has also been greatly challenged by the current demographic gap: the total number of secondary school graduates expected in 2012 is half that of 2006. This strengthens the competition for the enrolment of students in private and public (federal and municipal) institutions. Based on recent interviews with senior management at a number of provincial private universities, this article suggests possible avenues for private universities to extend into the education market and considers the implications.  相似文献   

Effect on subsequent fixed-interval schedule performance of prior exposure to ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement     

Reed P  Morgan TA 《Learning & behavior》2008,36(2):82-91

In three experiments, we examined the effect on the patterns of responding noted on fixed interval (FI) schedules of prior exposure to a range of interval and ratio schedules. Rats leverpressed for food reinforcement on random ratio (RR), random interval (RI), or variable interval (VI) schedules prior to transfer to FI schedules. In Experiment 1, prior exposure to an RR schedule retarded the development of typical FI patterns of responding. Exposure to a yoked RI schedule produced even greater retardation of typical FI performance. This effect was replicated in Experiment 2, using a within-subjects design. Rats responded on a multiple RR-RI schedule prior to a multiple FI-FI schedule. Typical FI performance emerged more slowly in the component previously associated with the RI than with that associated with the RR. In Experiment 3, exposure to an RR schedule retarded the development of FI performance to a greater extent than did exposure to a VR schedule. The latter schedule was programmed to allow the possibility that inhibitory control would develop after reinforcement. These results confirm that ratio schedules independently result in the disruption of FI responding. This effect was not long lasting and cannot be used plausibly to explain species differences in responding to FI schedules. However, it does suggest that temporal control—as manifested by the transfer of inhibitory control from one schedule to another—could facilitate movement between interval schedules.  相似文献   

五大银幕杀手     

李瑞奇 《海外英语》2003,(11):12

5. Samara Morgan -" The Ring"Like evil movie children before her ( The Village of the Damned, The Bad Seed, The Exorcist), little Samara Morgan is one bad apple. Sure, at first you think she s a victim - those sad, lost eyes, all that long stringy black hair, the freaky(怪诞的),oppressive mom-butas the film progresses, you realize she s simply evil incarnate(化身的). Hell, she can walk out of your TV (couch potatoes beware) to scare you, literally, to death! Re-made from the Japanese film Ringu, Gore Verbinski s The Ring utilized the doubly frightening concept of  相似文献   

Relying on High-Stakes Standardized Tests to Evaluate Schools and Teachers: A Bad Idea     

Hani Morgan 《Clearing house (Menasha, Wis.)》2016,89(2):67-72

In the twenty-first century, the use of standardized tests as the primary means to evaluate schools and teachers in the United States has contributed to severe dilemmas, including misleading information on what students know, lower-level instruction, cheating, less collaboration, unfair treatment of teachers, and biased teaching. This article provides reasons for the increased use in high-stakes testing and detail on the problems it causes. Also included are possible solutions to alleviate the concerns associated with high-stakes testing.  相似文献   

“Asking,Learning, Seeking Out”: An Exploration of Data Literacy for Teaching     

Jori S. Beck  Joseph John Morgan  Nancy Brown  Heather Whitesides  Derek R. Riddle 《The Educational forum》2020,84(2):150-165

Abstract

The current study explored preservice and inservice teachers’ perspectives on data literacy for teaching. Semi-structured interviews were employed with 12 teacher candidates in elementary and special education. The findings revealed participants’ misconceptions regarding formative and summative data; their understanding of the value of formative data; perceptions of challenges related to data literacy for teaching including time, making sense of data, and reliability and validity; and candidates’ preferences for authentic data literacy instruction.  相似文献