Transposition in pigeons: reassessing spence (1937) with multiple discrimination training     

Lazareva OF  Wasserman EA  Young ME 《Learning & behavior》2005,33(1):22-46

We studied transposition in pigeons, using multiple-pair discrimination training. Four birds discriminated two pairs of circles: 1+ 2− and 5+ 6− or 1− 2+ and 5− 6+ (digits denote circle diameters and plus and minus signs denote reward and nonreward, respectively). Four other birds discriminated four pairs of circles: 1+2−, 1+3−, 4+6−, and 5+6−or 1−2+, 1−3+, 4−6+, and 5−6+. Finally, 4 birds discriminated only one pair of circles: 1+ 2−, 1+ 2−, 5+ 6−, or 5− 6+. Testing included five new pairs—1/5, 2/3, 2/6, 3/4, and 4/5—that distinguished absolute from relational accounts of transposition. The pigeons’ relational responding rose from one- to two- to four-pair training. The similarity of the testing stimuli to one another also affected relational responding: Transposition increased with highly dissimilar stimuli. Neither Spence’s (1937) theory nor existing relational accounts could predict the obtained pattern of relational responding.  相似文献   

L'orientation des adultes en Pologne: Les traditions polonaises dans le domaine de l'orientation     

Olga Czerniaska 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1977,23(4):439-442

Conclusion Si l'on s'appuie sur les domaines sus-mentionnés de l'éducation des adultes en Pologne, l'orientation peut être définie de la manière suivante: elle est considérée comme étant une méthode influençant et dirigeant l'éducation, qui s'efforce d'aider un individu, un groupe ou une institution.Elle est pratiquée dans les institutions spécialement créées dans ce but, ainsi que dans d'autres où elle joue le rôle d'une méthode auxiliaire.  相似文献   

Online Faculty Development and Assessment System (OFDAS): A Study of Academic Learning     

Luis Miguel Villar Angulo  Olga María Alegre de la Rosa 《Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability》2007,20(1-2):21-41

The rapid growth of online learning has led to the development of faculty inservice evaluation models that are geared towards the demands of quality improvement of degree programs. Based on the best practices of student online assessment, the Online Faculty Development and Assessment System (OFDAS) created at the Canary Islands was designed to serve the dual purpose of faculty development and classroom learning environment assessment. Results of analyses showed that OFDAS maximized the potential of online faculty development to encourage staff to reflect on Curriculum and Teaching Capacities (CTC). Implications were discussed in terms of emphasizing the process of online CTC learning and incorporating perspectives to capture a comprehensive view of faculty teaching attitudes and their association with student classroom learning perceptions.  相似文献   

Understanding students’ learning practices: challenges for design and integration of mobile technology into distance education     

Olga Viberg  Åke Grönlund 《Learning, Media and Technology》2017,42(3):357-377

This study explores the design requirements for mobile applications for second language learning in online/distance higher education settings. We investigate how students use technology and how they perceive that these technologies-in-practice facilitate their language learning. Structuration Theory is used for the analysis. Results show that design needs to consider that (i) students use their private mobile technologies frequently when conducting self-initiated learning tasks, (ii) students’ mobile technologies-in-practice are important, and course designers should design materials and tools for such use practices, and (iii) students prefer to work on their own due to the limited time they want to devote to their learning. Consequently, in regard to the pervasive nature of mobile technology integration in society and into students’ habitual use, they need various software tools on such devices to support individual learning.  相似文献   

Humanisation in Russian Education: a transition between state determinism and individualism     

Harry Daniels  Norman Lucas  Michael Totterdell  Olga Fomina 《Educational studies》1995,21(1):29-39

This article is concerned with the development of humanisation in contemporary Russian education where it is regarded as a key factor influencing social change in the country. The authors draw on the proceedings of a seminar held in Moscow in 1994 concerned with the future of Russian education. Through an analysis of past Russian educational development and related psychological theory an argument is developed which suggests that present trends owe more than may be expected to the past. The concept of mediation is a central concern of the authors. They argue that the present discussion in Russia is overly individualistic and takes no account of processes of mediation in pedagogic formulations which render them incomplete and vulnerable to exploitation.  相似文献   

Perceived service quality factors in online higher education     

La Rotta  Daniel  Usuga  Olga Cecilia  Clavijo  Valentina 《Learning Environments Research》2020,23(2):251-267

Learning Environments Research - In recent years, the offer of higher-education programs under online modality has grown significantly. This situation has generated the need to evaluate the quality...  相似文献   

The internationalization of the U.S. academy in comparative perspective: a descriptive study     

William K. Cummings  Olga Bain 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2009,10(1):107-115

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Dialogue in religious education lessons – possibilities and hindrances in the Estonian context     

Olga Schihalejev 《British Journal of Religious Education》2009,31(3):277-288

This paper discusses the limitations and potentials for dialogue in religious education (RE) classes on the basis of observations of Estonian RE lessons. I investigated how the way of asking questions contributes to the dialogue in the classroom. Additionally I investigated how students’ readiness to engage in dialogue is influenced by others’ responses to their contributions. I examined what happens in a classroom, by observing and analysing patterns of interaction in RE lessons in two schools. Video‐ethnographic data collection was combined with stimulated recall. Incident‐analysis stemming from conversational analysis was used to interpret the data. On the basis of these analyses and interpretations, we can conclude that the teacher‐centred habit of instruction is a main impediment to dialogue. A teacher’s positive reinforcement of answers does not contribute to dialogue between students but rather to the assumption that the correct answer has already been given and to reliance on the teacher’s arguments. Also, open questions do not work always as facilitators of dialogue, but rather can be felt as intimidating.  相似文献   

Teacher or Examiner? The Tensions between Formative and Summative Assessment in the Case of Science Coursework     

Olga Gioka 《Research in Science Education》2009,39(4):411-428

The aim of the reported study was to explore how science teachers made sense of their roles and responsibilities in teaching and assessing science coursework. The focus was on the teacher assessment, the feedback that teachers gave to students and, how they perceived their role when they taught and assessed students’ science coursework reports. The research methodology included observation of science lessons, collection of marked students’ reports and two interviews with each of the nine participant teachers. Two cases of teachers are considered as representative of the participant teachers and their perceptions and practices are compared and contrasted. Teachers either adopted the role of the examiner or combined the role of the teacher with that of examiner. They distinguished marking of science theory exercises from marking of coursework and, teaching theory from teaching investigations, on the basis that the grade they assigned to coursework contributed to the total grade for external exams. A key conclusion is that teaching and assessment of science coursework need to re-focus on learning. The study calls for changes in public policy for summative assessment to place more reliance on teachers’ assessments and secondly, for changes in school practices in formative assessment for teachers to support students to learn in the case of science coursework.  相似文献   

The mediating role of socio-motivational support in the association between individual school self-concept and achievement motivation amongst adolescent students     

Olga Bakadorova  Diana Raufelder 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2014,29(3):347-366

It is now well known that adolescence is frequently marked by a decline in students' achievement motivation, which in turn is often associated with a decline in individual school self-concept. Less is known about the mediating role of socio-motivational support in the association between individual school self-concept and achievement motivation. The current study examined the interplay of individual school self-concept, socio-motivational support and achievement motivation in a large sample of seventh and eighth grade students (N?=?1,088; M _Age?=?13.7) in secondary schools in Brandenburg, Germany. Structural equation modeling was used to test the associations between individual school self-concept, socio-motivational support, and achievement motivation. The results showed that the teacher–student relationship as well as “teachers as positive motivators” mediated the association between individual school self-concept and achievement motivation. In contrast, neither “peers as positive motivators” nor the student–student relationship mediated this association. These results support the notion that maintaining a positive teacher–student relationship as well as encouraging teachers in the role of positive motivators could be an effective starting point for prevention and intervention programs aimed at offsetting the decline in individual school self-concept and achievement motivation during adolescence.  相似文献