Patents and incentives to invent     

J. Phillips 《Endeavour》1984,8(2):90-94

The laws which govern the grant of patents for inventions are assumed to serve two useful ends. Firstly, they are conceived as an incentive to inventors to make and then disclose their inventions. Secondly they are viewed as providing an appropriate means for facilitating a division of resources between those who make inventions and those who exploit them. Both these presumed functions are examined in this article, which raises questions as to the utility of current laws in the achievement of these ends.  相似文献   

Building Vocabulary Knowledge in Preschoolers Through Shared Book Reading and Gameplay     

Brenna Hassinger‐Das  Katherine Ridge  Amira Parker  Roberta Michnick Golinkoff  Kathy Hirsh‐Pasek  David K. Dickinson 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2016,10(2):71-80

This study moves beyond previous investigations to examine whether an educational intervention combining shared book reading with a vocabulary game increases children's vocabulary knowledge. Four‐year‐olds (N = 44) were randomly assigned to dyads in either an intervention (shared book reading plus vocabulary review game) or comparison condition (shared book reading, after‐reading vocabulary review, and game that did not teach vocabulary). After two 30‐min sessions, results demonstrated that the intervention condition outperformed the comparison condition on measures of receptive and expressive knowledge of taught vocabulary words. Children in the intervention group who scored the lowest at pretest on the receptive measure saw the most gains in taught word knowledge. Findings suggest that combining vocabulary gameplay with shared book reading improved children's learning of the vocabulary words in comparison to a comparison group.  相似文献   

The Ladies of Stone     

Luke Phillips 《英语沙龙》2015,(2):40-41

Britain’s Oldest Road A friend and I recently cycled the Ridgeway,which follows a ridge of chalk hills from the small town of Streatley on the River Thames to the village of Avebury in Wiltshire.Unlike many countries in Europe,including Scotland,people are not allowed to walk wherever they like in the countryside of England and Wales.We can only use footpaths and so forth,which have been specially marked.The Ridgeway is thought of as Britain’s oldest  相似文献   

Pump Early,Pump Often: A Continuous Quality Improvement Project     

Diane L. Spatz  Elizabeth B. Froh  Jessica Schwarz  Kathy Houng  Isabel Brewster  Carey Myers  Judy Prince  Michelle Olkkola 《The Journal of perinatal education》2015,24(3):160-170

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Investigation of science faculty with education specialties within the largest university system in the United States     

Bush SD  Pelaez NJ  Rudd JA  Stevens MT  Tanner KD  Williams KS 《CBE life sciences education》2011,10(1):25-42

Efforts to improve science education include university science departments hiring Science Faculty with Education Specialties (SFES), scientists who take on specialized roles in science education within their discipline. Although these positions have existed for decades and may be growing more common, few reports have investigated the SFES approach to improving science education. We present comprehensive data on the SFES in the California State University (CSU) system, the largest university system in the United States. We found that CSU SFES were engaged in three key arenas including K-12 science education, undergraduate science education, and discipline-based science education research. As such, CSU SFES appeared to be well-positioned to have an impact on science education from within science departments. However, there appeared to be a lack of clarity and agreement about the purpose of these SFES positions. In addition, formal training in science education among CSU SFES was limited. Although over 75% of CSU SFES were fulfilled by their teaching, scholarship, and service, our results revealed that almost 40% of CSU SFES were seriously considering leaving their positions. Our data suggest that science departments would likely benefit from explicit discussions about the role of SFES and strategies for supporting their professional activities.  相似文献   

Introduction to the special issue on practitioner knowledge to support reading and writing: new directions and approaches     

Phillips  Beth M.  Piasta  Shayne B. 《Reading and writing》2022,35(9):2015-2022

Reading and Writing -  相似文献   

‘It is like putting fire in the children’s hands’: a comparative case study of pre-service teachers’ knowledge of and beliefs about education for democracy in an established and emerging post-conflict democracy     

Brian K. Lanahan  Michele S. Phillips 《Compare》2014,44(3):394-415

This report documents and compares two cases of pre-service elementary teachers’ beliefs about democracy and education for democracy in the USA and Bosnia and Herzegovina along with contextual factors influencing the similarities and differences among these beliefs. Findings suggest that US pre-service elementary teachers have a self-proclaimed lack of knowledge about democracy and primarily view citizenship education as a means to teach children how to get along. Conversely, Bosnian pre-service teachers hold more nuanced views of democracy and education for democracy, formed while their country transitioned from socialism towards democracy following a devastating civil war. Consequently, they focus on teaching children the skills and dispositions necessary for successful democratic citizenship to preserve their country. These divergent understandings of democracy within the two cases may hold potential benefits to teachers in both emergent and established democracies. Implications of these and other findings are discussed, as well as potential future research.  相似文献   

Students reflecting on test performance and feedback: an on-line approach     

Georgina Fyfe  Sue Fyfe  Jan Meyer  Mel Ziman  Kathy Sanders  Julie Hill 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》2014,39(2):179-194

Undergraduate students accessing on-line tests in Human Biology in three Western Australian universities were asked to complete an on-line post-test reflective survey about their perceptions of their test performance in light of automated feedback. The survey allowed pre-determined choices and comment text boxes relating to students’ perceptions of their performance, self-identified areas of difficulty and suggested strategies for improving test performance. One-third of students undertaking on-line tests responded to the optional survey, and 60% of respondents thought reflecting on feedback was useful. Students reflecting on formative rather than summative assessment reported a more strategic approach to testing, often using it to assess their knowledge and prepare for future assessment. Their reflections were more internally focused on motivation and preparation compared with those assessed summatively. Respondents were more likely to be female, older, more experienced learners who had scored well in the test. Younger respondents expected higher scores than they achieved and were less likely to reflect, but, when they did, were more likely to select pre-determined reasons for their performance and less likely to suggest strategies for improvement. These results support formal training and scaffolded integration of reflection into on-line assessment feedback, especially for less experienced learners.  相似文献   

Using a Planetarium Software Program to Promote Conceptual Change with Young Children   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Sally M. Hobson  Kathy Cabe Trundle  Mesut Sa?kes 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2010,19(2):165-176

This study explored young children’s understandings of targeted lunar concepts, including when the moon can be observed, observable lunar phase shapes, predictable lunar patterns, and the cause of lunar phases. Twenty-one children (ages 7–9 years) from a multi-aged, self-contained classroom participated in this study. The instructional intervention included lunar data gathering, recording, and sharing, which integrated Starry Night planetarium software and an inquiry-based instruction on moon phases. Data were gathered using semi-structured interviews, student drawings, and a card sorting activity before and after instruction. Students’ lunar calendars and written responses, participant observer field notes, and videotaped class sessions also provided data throughout the study. Data were analyzed using constant comparative analysis. Nonparametric statistical analyses were also performed to support the qualitative findings. Results reflected a positive change in children’s conceptual understanding of all targeted concepts including the cause of moon phases, which is remarkable considering the complexity and abstractness of this spatial task. Results provided evidence that computer simulations may reduce the burden on children’s cognitive capacity and facilitate their learning of complex scientific concepts that would not be possible to learn on their own.  相似文献   

What mothers do: everyday routines and rituals and their impact upon young children’s use of drawing for meaning making     

Kathy Ring 《International Journal of Early Years Education》2006,14(1):63-84

This paper draws upon evidence from a three‐year longitudinal study of young children drawing across home, pre‐school and school. The study shows how the belief systems of significant adults and more able peers/siblings impact upon the child’s access to, use of and beliefs about drawing. Concentrating upon the children when in the Foundation Stage (aged between three and five), the paper highlights:

• the importance of the mother’s role in organizing the home space, the child’s time and his or her access to materials;

• gendered responses to an environment in which the mother is a constant presence in comparison with the limited presence of the father.

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