The acquisition of subject-verb agreement in written French: From novices to experts' errors     

Fayol  Michel  Hupet  Michel  Largy  Pierre 《Reading and writing》1999,11(2):153-174

Recent studies have shown that many subject-verb agreement errors consist of making the verb agree with the immediately preceding noun, as in The smell of the rubbish-bins are foul. Assuming that it is the automaticity of the agreement operation which is responsible for these attraction errors in expert writers, the present studies aimed at demonstrating the gradual automatization of this operation in young writers by examining developmental changes in the occurrence of agreement errors. In three experiments we found that subjects' performance moves from systematic errors in number agreement in young children (e.g., no use of plural marks) to attraction errors in fifth graders and older adults through an intermediate phase characterized by an attention-demanding and easily disrupted computation of verb agreement displayed by some second graders. Attraction errors are a byproduct of the automatization of the implementation of the agreement process.  相似文献   

Schooling for Tomorrow – What Future for Our Schools?     

Louisoni  Pierre  Istance  David  Hutmacher  Walo 《Prospects》2004,34(2):163-175

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Characteristic(s) of Hypermedia and How They Relate to Knowledge     

Pierre Fastrez 《Educational Media International》2013,50(2-3):101-110

This article offers a redefining of three problem areas associated with the cognitive effects of the semiotic characteristics of hypermedia, highlighted by the first years of research on this objective: the hypertext associativity, the non-linearity and the rapprochement of real and hypertext navigation. We focus on the question of navigation, and try to show how this question arises in hypermedia, and why it arises in a way, which is more important than in other supports, such as books. In addition, we show how the semiotic characteristics of hypermedia which are identified in the first part of the article (non-linearity, absence of reading a default unique path, etc.) makes illusory the aim of completely understanding the ideas of the author, as can happen with a book. The relationship to knowledge offered by hypertext is no longer based on the understanding of a body of knowledge prepared in advance by the author, but on a users personal reconstruction. This reversal calls into question the way of defining the navigation mentioned above, which implicitly assumes the need for the users to mentally picture for themselves the formal organization of the whole of the document being studied. Spécificité(s) des hypermédias et rapport au savoir. Cet article propose un recadrage de trois problématiques propres aux effets cognitifs des spécificités sémiotiques des hypermédias, stigmatisées par les premières années de recherche sur cet objet : l'associativité hypertextuelle, la non-linéarité et le rapprochement entre navigations réelle et hypertextuelle. Nous nous arrêtons sur la question de la navigation, et tenterons de montrer comment cette question se pose dans les hypermédias, et pourquoi elle s'y pose de faÇon plus importante que dans d'autres supports, comme le livre. Par ailleurs, nous mettons en évidence comment les spécificités sémiotiques des hypermédias identifiées dans la première partie de l'article(non-linéarité, absence de parcours de lecture par défaut unique, etc.)rendent illusoire le but d'appréhender le propos de l'auteur dans sa totalité, comme on peut le faire dans le livre. Le rapport au savoir proposé par l'hypertexte se fonde non plus sur l'appréhension d'un ensemble de connaissances préconstruit par un auteur, mais sur une reconstruction propre À l'utilisateur. Ce renversement remet en question la faÇon de cadrer la navigation évoquée plus haut, qui suppose implicitement la nécessité pour l'utilisateur de se représenter mentalement l'organisation formelle de l'ensemble du document consulté. Die Charakteristikas der Hypermedien und ihre Beziehung zu Wissen. Dieser Artikel versucht drei Problemstellungen - aus den ersten Forschungsjahren auf diesem Gebiet resultierend - neu zu definieren, die mit den kognitiven Auswirkungen der semiotischen Charakteristikas von Hypermedia assoziiert werden : die Assoziativität von Hypertext, die Nicht-Linearität, und die Gegenüberstellung von wirklicher zu hypertextueller Navigation. Wir versuchen der Frage nach der Navigation in den Hypermedien nachzugehen, und warum diese Frage hier von grössere Bedeutung ist, als bei anderen Medien, wie bespielsweise Büchern. Wir zeigen überdies, wie die semiotischen Charakteristikas von Hypermedia (identifiziert im ersten Abschnitt) illusorisch das Ziel erreichen, die Ideen eines Autors vollständig zu verstehen, wie es bei einem Buch der Fall ist. Die durch Hypertext ermöglichte Beziehung zu Wissen basiert nicht mehr auf einem vom Autor vorkonstruierten Ensemble von Kenntnissen, sondern auf die Rekonstruktion durch den Leser. Diese Umkehrung wirft die Frage nach der Definition der oben beschriebenen Navigation auf, die implizit die Notwendigkeit voraussetzt, dass sich der Leser die formelle Organisation des Dokumentes verbildlicht.  相似文献   

Cognitive Profiles in Elementary Algebra: the PÉPITE Test Interface     

Stéphanie Jean  élisabeth Delozanne  Pierre Jacoboni  Brigitte Grugeon 《Education and Information Technologies》1998,3(3-4):291-305

The work presented here is part of a multidisciplinary project, called the PÉPITE project. Its aim is to set up a system to diagnose student profiles starting from a multidimensional analysis grid to evaluate their competences in elementary algebra. This paper deals with the design, the making and the evaluation of an interface in Computer Based Learning Environments. In it, we present the method adopted to set up software which proposes tasks to the students and collects data for the diagnosis module.We consider here the problems linked to the re-use of didactic know-how based on pencil-and-paper tasks and in particular how to transfer these tasks to a data processing environment. These problems are considered from the interface designer's point of view. In an attempt to make this clear, we make a distinction between ergonomic problems connected with the functioning of the interface and problems related to the field of application. © IFIP, published by Kluwer Academic Publishers  相似文献   

The Systemist Emergentist View of Mahner and Bunge on ‘Species as Individuals’: What Use for Science and Education?     

Pierre Deleporte 《Science & Education》2012,21(10):1535-1544

The Bungian philosophical system, with its constant focus on the demarcation between concepts and coherent material systems, is particularly helpful for introducing scientists and students to the ontology of biological systems. We illustrate this with the case of the debate about species as individuals, largely a concern for philosophers of biology rather than biologists themselves, but potentially confusing for the latter when engaging in philosophical reflection about their conceptions and practice. Bunge attains his goal of writing efficiently for readers outside the philosophical academic microcosm, and the Bungian system is worth more promotion for a large audience, particularly for introducing notions of modern systemist emergentist philosophy in biological scientific training.  相似文献   

An examination of slo-pitch pitching trajectories     

Tom Wu  Pierre Gervais 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(1):88-99

Many slo-pitch coaches and players believe that generating spin on a ball can affect its trajectory. The influence of air resistance on a ball that is thrown at a moderate speed and spin is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of spin on the ball's trajectory in slo-pitch pitching using both experimental results and ball flight simulations. Fourteen pitchers participated in the study, each of whom threw five backspin and topspin pitches each. Data were collected using standard three-dimensional videography. The horizontal velocity, vertical velocity, angular velocity, release height, and horizontal displacement of the backspin pitches were significantly higher than those of the topspin pitches. The ball flight simulations were developed to examine the influence of the ball spin, and it was concluded that the spin of the ball had a significant effect on the ball's vertical and horizontal displacements. Furthermore, our results suggest that a backspin pitch that reaches the maximum height allowable and lands in the front edge of the strike zone has the steepest slope. The present results add to our understanding of projectile motion and aerodynamics.  相似文献   

Biomechanical analysis of circles on pommel horse     

Toshiyuki Fujihara  Takafumi Fuchimoto  Pierre Gervais 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(1):22-38

The aim of this study was to analyse the principal mechanics of circles. Seventeen university male gymnasts performed circles on an instrumented pommel horse model that enabled the pommel reaction forces to be recorded at 1000 Hz with two force plates. The circles were also videotaped using two digital video cameras operating at 60 frames per second. During circles, the vertical component of the reaction forces peaked in the double-hand support phases. Changes in the velocity of the centre of mass corresponded to the change in the tangential components of horizontal reaction forces. The velocity of the centre of mass had its peaks in the single-hand support phases and its local minimums in the double-hand support phases. The velocity of the ankles and that of the centre of mass of the head and trunk were minimal in the single-hand support phases and were maximal in the double-hand support phases. These results suggest that the circles were composed of vertical movements and two kinds of rotations: rotation of the centre of mass and rotation of the body itself about the centre of mass. These two kinds of rotations, which influence the legs' rotational velocity, are phase dependent. To further our understanding of circles, research on circles in different orientations on the pommel horse will be beneficial.  相似文献   

Impact of Overt and Subclinical Hypothyroidism on Exercise Tolerance: A Systematic Review     

Jeannette A. C. Lankhaar  Wouter R. de Vries  Jaap A. C. G. Jansen  Pierre M. J. Zelissen  Frank J. G. Backx 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):365-389

Purpose: This systematic review describes the state of the art of the impact of hypothyroidism on exercise tolerance and physical performance capacity in untreated and treated patients with hypothyroidism. Method: A systematic computer-aided search was conducted using biomedical databases. Relevant studies in English, German, and Dutch, published from the earliest date of each database up to December 2012, were identified. Results: Out of 116 studies, a total of 38 studies with 1,379 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These studies emphasize the multifactorial causes of exercise intolerance in untreated patients by the impact of limitations in different functional systems, with cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, and cellular metabolic systems acting in concert. Moreover, the studies affirm that exercise intolerance in patients is not always reversible during adequate hormone replacement therapy. As a consequence, despite a defined euthyroid status, there remains a significant group of treated patients with persistent complaints related to exercise intolerance who are suffering from limitations in daily and sport activities, as well as an impaired quality of life. An explanation for this phenomenon is lacking. Only 2 studies investigated the effects of a physical training program, and they showed inconsistent effects on the performance capacity in untreated patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusions: A limited body of knowledge exists concerning exercise tolerance in treated patients with hypothyroidism, and there is an insufficient amount of quantitative studies on the effects of a physical training program. To enhance exercise and sports participation for this specific group, more research in this forgotten area is warranted.  相似文献   

Bologna: ‘the team that shook the world’     

Pierre Lanfranchi 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(3):336-346

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How to improve reading comprehension in high-risk students: effects of class practices in Grade 5     

Gudrun Vanlaar  Katrijn Denies  Machteld Vandecandelaere  Jan Van Damme  Jean Pierre Verhaeghe  Maarten Pinxten 《School Effectiveness & School Improvement》2013,24(3):408-432

This study investigated the effect of class practices on students’ learning gains in reading comprehension in the 5th grade. A sample of 4,344 students in 283 classes in 176 schools was studied. Several class practices that have previously been demonstrated to be effective were tested while controlling for student characteristics and socioeconomic and ethnic class composition. Differential effects were tested to identify class practices that can contribute to narrowing the achievement gap between high- and low-risk students. Most class practices turned out to have a similar effect for both low- and high-risk students. However, “discovery learning” and “well-organised and attractive instruction” appeared to be more beneficial for low-risk than for high-risk students. Group composition in terms of social and ethnic background turned out to have no significant effect on learning gains in reading comprehension.  相似文献