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SARGO consists of 13 simulation units that have been developed for training potential directors of guidance. Responses of employed directors of guidance to a questionnaire on their specific duties formed the basis for the simulation unit topics and activities. Role-playing, case studies, in-basket/out-basket techniques, critical incident films, and program development were some of the activities used within each SARGO unit. Each trainee operated in a simulated school of his own design. Trainees reported that the semester-long simulation program was interesting, motivating, and realistic. The significant change in accuracy of trainee estimates of time that directors spent in a variety of activities was measured. 相似文献
53.
RONALD T. ZAFFRANN 《Counselor Education & Supervision》1979,18(4):304-311
Although graduate students should be trained in consulting as well as counseling skills, not all counselor education programs systematically teach such consultation skills. Counselor trainees need to practice and implement those skills in laboratory as well as field settings. Workshops have been used successfully to teach oral delivery consultation skills in a counselor training program. In this article, the workshop is offered as a training tool in consultation skills. The use and purposes of workshops are presented, and procedures are demonstrated regarding the use of workshops within counselor education courses. Benefits to counselor trainees are discussed. 相似文献
54.
In this paper, an attempt has been made to synthesize some of the current thinking in the area of criterion-referenced testing as well as to provide the beginning of an integration of theory and method for such testing. Since criterion-referenced testing is viewed from a decision-theoretic point of view, approaches to reliability and validity estimation consistent with this philosophy are suggested. Also, to improve the decision-making accuracy of criterion-referenced tests, a Bayesian procedure for estimating true mastery scores has been proposed. This Bayesian procedure uses information about other members of a student's group (collateral information), but the resulting estimation is still criterion referenced rather than norm referenced in that the student is compared to a standard rather than to other students. In theory, the Bayesian procedure increases the “effective length” of the test by improving the reliability, the validity, and more importantly, the decision-making accuracy of the criterion-referenced test scores. 相似文献
55.
加拿大及美国的动产担保法律在世界上是最为有效和成熟的。这两个国家的立法对广泛的知识产权给予认可和保护,其中包括专利权、商标权和著作权。此外,其他形式的法定知识产权,包括特殊植物培育者的权利和诸如商业秘密之类的普通法权利也得到认可。然而,规定这些权利的法律是很陈旧的,在许多方面,并不十分适用于知识产权的担保。知识产权担保:注册及优先权根据加拿大和美国法律,在担保协议中可用知识产权作担保品。所涉及的担保权益体现为一种权利负担(charge)(中国法律中用于知识产权担保的质押的概念,在加拿大和美国仅用于有形动产的情况之下)。知识产权的担保权益无需登记即可生效。同其他担保一样,登记只是决定相对于其他权利主张者的优先顺序,而并不影响担保本身的有效性。知识产权可根据 相似文献
56.
RONALD P. CARVER 《Journal of Educational Measurement》1970,7(1):52-52
Although the expression cited by Knapp ( ) is the way to calculate amount learned within the confines of the specific mathematical formulas presented by Carver, the opinion was expressed that f (final test score) would remain one of the best indicants of amount learned under other hypothesized curvilinear models. 相似文献
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Previous research has suggested potential advantages for a new type of item for measuring comprehension in reading and listening. The test items are called “chunked” and consist of groups of meaningfully related words in which certain groups have been changed in meaning from the original passage. A chunked type of test, designed to indicate information stored during reading, was developed and analyzed in two studies. The results of Study 1, indicated that the constructed test items were successful in differentiating between readers and nonreaders of the newly composed reading passages. “Using the results of Study I, test items were revised and two forms of a test were produced, complete with standardized instructions. The major purpose of Study 2 was to evaluate the extent to which the revised and standardization test could discriminate between a group of individuals who took the test in its standard form and another group which was given the same amount of time to work on the test items but was not given the benefit of reading the passages. The major result in Study 2 was that individuals who had not read the passages experienced a 75% decrement in their performance on Form A of the Chunked Reading Test as compared to individuals who had read the passages, and for Form B, nonreaders experienced a 78% decrement. From these re- sults, it was concluded that the Chunked Reading Test is a valid test of information storage during reading in terms of its utility in measuring the differences in information stored between readers and nonreaders of passages, and that it offers many advantages over the traditional standardized reading tests. 相似文献
59.
The purpose of this study is to explore how ideologies about work and education are enacted and negotiated in educational programmes for welfare recipients. Data for this study were collected over a six-month period in two publicly funded educational programmes for welfare recipients in a southern state of the USA. Data consisted of interviews, classroom observations, official documents and curriculum materials, and informal conversations with teachers and students. It was found that although teachers and students at times problematized official discourses in their interviews, these discourses were usually upheld when ideologies were enacted and negotiated in the classrooms. When students raised questions in class and sought to discuss problematic issues, they were discouraged from doing so by teachers, who quickly led discussions back into ‘safe zones’, thus upholding official discourses of the programme. The findings raise questions concerning the ability of these programmes to solve unemployment problems, and raise issues about whose interests these programmes are serving. 相似文献
60.