信息伦理学的本体论基础   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

瑞菲尔&#;凯普偌  平爱 《上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006,35(5):24-35

文章首先对信息伦理学的悠久历史作了简单回顾。信息伦理学起源于米歇尔·佛科特(Michel FoucauIt)所分析的希腊语概念“自由演说”或言论自由。关于信息伦理学的最新概念尤其与20世纪随着计算机技术和因特网的发展而出现的各种问题密切相关,它包括大众媒体、图书馆学、信息科学以及商业等领域的伦理问题。从广义上说,信息伦理学概念涉及所有可能现象的数字重建,从而导致与数字本体论相关的种种问题。作者根据海德格尔关于本体论与形而上学关系的观点,认为本体论与“存在”本身有关,它不仅仅与形而上学讨论的主题即生物的生存有关。本文将海德格尔的理论和乔治·斯宾赛·布朗(George Spencer Brown)、高特路·甫瑞(Gottlob Frege)、尼克拉斯·鲁曼(Niklas Luhmann)等学者的学说相提并论,同时加以比较。用佛科特的专业术语来说,本体论是形而上学的尴尬困境。从本体论的角度探讨信息伦理学的基础,其首要目的是质疑数字本体论的形而上学的奢望。数字本体论被认为是当今对“存在”的普遍理解。作者把人类存在作为一种与万物存在即“无标记空间”相关的伦理关系加以分析,在此基础上探讨一些数字技术的挑战,并着重分析数字代理人的道德状况。作者据理论证,信息伦理学不仅仅涉及与佛劳瑞德(Floridi)所提到的“信息领域”相关的伦理问题。文章将这种观点与佛劳瑞德提出的关于信息伦理学基础以及数码代理人道德状态的论点进行对比分析。文章认为,简化论者把人体作为数字数据的观点忽视了数字本体论的局限性,抛弃了伦理定位的基础。最后,文章探讨了同“数字分隔”相关的问题以及信息伦理学跨文化的方方面面,并提出了长期和短期的研究设想。  相似文献   

Contributing factors to long‐term citation count in marine and freshwater biology articles          下载免费PDF全文

Joshua R. Nash  Rafael J. Araújo  Geoffrey S. Shideler 《Learned Publishing》2018,31(2):131-139

Researchers have investigated factors thought to affect the total number of citations in various academic disciplines, and some general trends have emerged. However, there are still limited data for many fields, including aquatic sciences. Using papers published in 2003–2005 (n = 785), we investigated marine and freshwater biology articles to identify factors that may contribute to the probability of citation and for cumulative citation counts over 10 years. We found no relationships with probability of citation; however, we found evidence that for those that were cited at least once, cumulative citations were related to several factors. Articles cited by books received more citations than those never cited by books, which we hypothesized to be indicative of the impact an article may have in the field. We also found that articles first cited within 2 years of publication received more cumulative citations than those first cited after 2 years. We found no evidence that self‐citation (as the first citation) had a significant effect on total citations. Our findings were compared with previous studies in other disciplines, and it was found that aquatic science citation patterns are comparable to fields in science and technology but less so to humanities and social sciences.  相似文献   

The effect of an instructional intervention on middle school english learners' science and english reading achievement     

Rafael Lara‐Alecio  Fuhui Tong  Beverly J. Irby  Cindy Guerrero  Maggie Huerta  Yinan Fan 《科学教学研究杂志》2012,49(8):987-1011

This study examined the effect of a quasi‐experimental project on fifth grade English learners' achievement in state‐mandated standards‐based science and English reading assessment. A total of 166 treatment students and 80 comparison students from four randomized intermediate schools participated in the current project. The intervention consisted of on‐going professional development and specific instructional science lessons with inquiry‐based learning, direct and explicit vocabulary instruction, integration of reading and writing, and enrichment components including integration of technology, take‐home science activities, and university scientists mentoring. Results suggested a significant and positive intervention effect in favor of the treatment students as reflected in higher performance in district‐wide curriculum‐based tests of science and reading and standardized tests of oral reading fluency. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 987–1011, 2012  相似文献   

La función autorreguladora del habla privada infantil: Un análisis crítico de las recientes discusiones de la teoría de Vygotski     

Marni H. Frauenglass  Rafael M. Díaz 《Infancia y Aprendizaje》2013,36(37):103-114

Resumen

Recientes hallazgos empíricos han puesto en duda la teoría de Vygotski acerca de la función autorreguladora del habla privada infantil. En primer lugar, la mayoría de los estudios en este campo señalan la aparición de habla privada sólo en la mitad de los niños de sus muestras. Además, esos niños que efectivamente hablan emiten pocas verbalizaciones, de modo que la posible relevancia del habla privada en los procesos de solución de problemas queda seriamente cuestionada. Por otra parte, un gran número de estudios han tratado sin éxito de evidenciar una relación funcional entre el habla privada producida por los niños y el logro en las tareas cognitivas. El presente estudio se basa en la hipótesis de que la escasez de habla privada es un artefacto del paradigma de investigación usado habitualmente en los estudios recientes. También argumentamos que, desde la perspectiva vygotskiana, ésta tiende a aparecer asociada al fracaso en las tareas cognitivas porque tanto el habla privada como la probabilidad de fracaso se incrementan ante tareas difíciles. Un total de 32 preescolares fueron filmados en vídeo mientras realizaban tareas semánticas y perceptivas y sus verbalizaciones fueron transcritas y codificadas en categorías de habla social y privada. Los resultados indican que la condición más frecuentemente usada en los estudios recientes de hecho minimiza la producción de habla privada por parte de los niños y que los fracasos en las tareas se asocian con niveles más elevados de habla autorreguladora. A medida que el número de verbalizaciones autorreguladoras declina, aumentan los susurros y el habla musitada, apoyando la idea de Vygotski de que el habla privada no desaparece con la edad, sino que se va interiorizando hasta constituir el habla interior.  相似文献   

Transnational advertising,the media and education in the developing countries     

Rafael Roncagliolo  Noreene Z. Janus 《Prospects》1980,10(1):68-75

  相似文献   

Fluid balance of elite Brazilian youth soccer players during consecutive days of training     

Silva RP  Mündel T  Natali AJ  Bara Filho MG  Lima JR  Alfenas RC  Lopes PR  Belfort FG  Marins JC 《Journal of sports sciences》2011,29(7):725-732

In this study we investigated pre-training hydration status, fluid intake, and sweat loss in 20 elite male Brazilian adolescent soccer players (mean?±?s: age 17.2?±?0.5 years; height 1.76?±?0.05?m; body mass 69.9?±?6.0?kg) on three consecutive days of typical training during the qualifying phase of the national soccer league. Urine specific gravity (USG) and body mass changes were evaluated before and after training sessions to estimate hydration status. Players began the days of training mildly hypohydrated (USG?>?1.020) and fluid intake did not match fluid losses. It was warmer on Day 1 (33.1?±?2.4°C and43.4?±?3.2% relative humidity; P?相似文献   

Statistical analysis of the TULSA database, 1965–1994     

Rafael E. Ubico  John A. Bailey  Pamela J. Weaver 《Publishing Research Quarterly》1995,11(3):138-144

  相似文献   

Kinematic comparisons of 1996 Olympic baseball pitchers     

Rafael F. Escamilla  Glenn S. Fleisig  Nigel Zheng  Steven W. Barrentine  James R. Andrews 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):665-676

The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the kinematics of baseball pitchers who participated in the 1996 XXVI Centennial Olympic Games. Two synchronized video cameras operating at 120 Hz were used to video 48 pitchers from Australia, Japan, the Netherlands, Cuba, Italy, Korea, Nicaragua and the USA. All pitchers were analysed while throwing the fastball pitch. Twenty-one kinematic parameters were measured at lead foot contact, during the arm cocking and arm acceleration phases, and at the instant of ball release. These parameters included stride length, foot angle and foot placement; shoulder abduction, shoulder horizontal adduction and shoulder external rotation; knee and elbow flexion; upper torso, shoulder internal rotation and elbow extension angular velocities; forward and lateral trunk tilt; and ball speed. A one-way analysis of variance (P ? 0.01) was used to assess kinematic differences. Shoulder horizontal adduction and shoulder external rotation at lead foot contact and ball speed at the instant of ball release were significantly different among countries. The greater shoulder horizontal abduction observed in Cuban pitchers at lead foot contact is thought to be an important factor in the generation of force throughout the arm cocking and arm acceleration phases, and may in part explain why Cuban pitchers generated the greatest ball release speed. We conclude that pitching kinematics are similar among baseball pitchers from different countries.  相似文献   

The development of mental rotation abilities through robotics-based instruction: An experience mediated by gender     

José Antonio González-Calero  Ramón Cózar  Rafael Villena  José Miguel Merino 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2019,50(6):3198-3213

The research literature on the topic of “spatial ability” reveals that it has a major influence on achievement in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Additionally, previous studies indicate the existence of a gender gap in spatial ability in favour of males. Mental rotation, one subskill of spatial ability, is an area in which gender differences are greater. At the same time, educational robotics is seen as one of the more promising technologies in educational contexts for the future. We conducted a quasi-experimental study with 142 seven- and eight-year-old students aimed at analysing whether robotics-based instruction may produce greater learning gains on mental rotation abilities compared to traditional instruction. The intervention was developed in the context of map-reading tasks, which are part of the curricular content in Mathematics and Social Sciences at this age. The results showed that for males, the robotics-based instruction promoted a significantly greater improvement in students’ mental rotation abilities compared to the control group. By contrast, no significant differences were observed for females. Although this study provides empirical evidence of the potential of robotics-based instruction, future studies need to deeply analyse the existence of gender differences in the learning gains obtained through educational robotics.  相似文献   

Training load and submaximal heart rate testing throughout a competitive period in a top-level male football team     

Vincenzo Rago  Peter Krustrup  Rafael Martín-Acero  António Rebelo 《Journal of sports sciences》2020,38(11-12):1408-1415

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate training load and cardiorespiratory fitness in a top-level Spanish (LaLiga) football team (n = 17). The submaximal Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1_SUB) was performed in four moments of the competitive period from early February (E1) to early May (E4). Training load was quantified using a 10-Hz global positioning system and heart rate (HR) recording (n = 837 individual training sessions), while match load was quantified using semi-automated cameras (n = 216 individual match observations). Cardiorespiratory fitness moderately improved as the season progressed (P < 0.05; effect sizes = 0.8 to 1.2). Cumulative total distance covered during training between E1 and E4 was negatively correlated with percentage of changes in mean HR during the last 30 s of Yo-Yo IR1_SUB (P = 0.049; r = ?0.47 [?0.71; ?0.14]; moderate). HR during the last 30 s of Yo-Yo IR1_SUB was negatively correlated to total distance covered during the match (P = 0.024; r = ?0.56 [?0.80; ?0.17]; moderate). Yo-Yo IR_SUB can be used to monitor seasonal changes in cardiorespiratory fitness without the need to have players work until exhaustion. Cardiorespiratory fitness given by mean HR during the last 30 s of the test seems meaningful in relation to match performance.  相似文献