Impact and cost-effectiveness analysis of the national school-based sexuality education programme in Estonia     

Jari Kivela  Kai Haldre  Kai Part  Evert Ketting  Rob Baltussen 《Sex education》2014,14(1):1-13

Policy-makers making decisions on the implementation of school-based sexuality education (SE) programmes face two important questions: (1) what are the costs of implementing and scaling up SE programmes, and (2) what are the impacts? This paper responds to these questions by retrospectively assessing costs, impact and cost-effectiveness of the national school-based SE programme in Estonia 1997–2009. The three-year curriculum had been taught to 190,000 students at the end of 2009. The cost of reaching one student was USD 32.90 and the total costs were USD 5.6 million. There has been a remarkable improvement in sexual health indicators in the age groups 15–19 and 20–24 years in Estonia between 2001 and 2009. During this period, annual abortions, STIs and diagnosed HIV infections in the age groups were reduced by 37%, 55% and 89%, respectively. It is difficult to assess to what extent the improvements in these sexual health indicators are attributable to the SE programme. Nevertheless, our conservative threshold analysis indicates that the Estonian SE programme could be considered cost-saving if only 4% of the observed reductions in HIV infections are attributable to the programme. There is strong evidence, therefore, to support that the Estonian school-based sexuality programme has been cost-effective.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

David Stoker  Richard W. Clement  Pamela K. Gilbert  Charles Johanningsmeier  Janet L. Flowers  Joan Mulholland  Richard C. Rowson  David Kaser  Thomas L. Bonn  Carl B. Holmberg  Chris R. Vanden Bossche  Beth Luey  Rebecca Moore Howard 《Publishing Research Quarterly》1995,11(1):78-101

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An evaluation of the use of analogy,simile, and metaphor in science texts     

Steven W. Gilbert 《科学教学研究杂志》1989,26(4):315-327

Teaching materials with extensive analogies, similes, and metaphors were written for two high-school biology units. Their effect on learning and attitude was assessed by a comparison to students using a literal version of the same text. Little was found to support the contention that the use of these systems increases student achievement, and there was some indication that they may have a negative effect on student attitudes.  相似文献   

Loving and hating Jacob Zuma: some implications for education     

Rob Pattman 《Gender and education》2006,18(5):557-560

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NOTES ON MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION     

Gilbert JB 《Bulletin of the Medical Library Association》1941,29(3):131-140

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The analysis and treatment of child abuse by behavioural psychotherapy     

William Reavley  Marie Therese Gilbert 《Child abuse & neglect》1979,3(2):509-514

The results from use of behaviour therapy with child abuse cases is very encouraging. Data has been presented to show the approach both economical and rewarding. Our experience suggests that selected social workers may be able to learn to use the approach with a relatively short period of training.  相似文献   

Program and Prophecy: The Fate of General Studies in Teacher Education     

Philip L Smith  Rob Traver 《Educational theory》1983,33(2):73-77

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String tension effects on tennis ball rebound speed and accuracy during playing conditions     

Bower R  Cross R 《Journal of sports sciences》2005,23(7):765-771

The primary aim of this study was to determine whether variations in rebound speed and accuracy of a tennis ball could be detected during game-simulated conditions when using three rackets strung with three string tensions. Tennis balls were projected from a ball machine towards participants who attempted to stroke the ball cross-court into the opposing singles court. The rebound speed of each impact was measured using a radar gun located behind the baseline of the court. An observer also recorded the number of balls landing in, long, wide and in the net. It was found that rebound speeds for males (110.1+/-10.2 km.h-1; mean+/-s) were slightly higher than those of females (103.6+/-8.6 km.h-1; P<0.05) and that low string tensions (180 N) produced greater rebound speeds (108.1+/-9.9 km.h-1) than high string tensions (280 N, 105.3+/-9.6 km.h-1; P<0.05). This finding is in line with laboratory results and theoretical predictions of other researchers. With respect to accuracy, the type of error made was significantly influenced by the string tension (P<0.05). This was particularly evident when considering whether the ball travelled long or landed in the net. High string tension was more likely to result in a net error, whereas low string tension was more likely to result in the ball travelling long. It was concluded that both gender and the string tension influence the speed and accuracy of the tennis ball.  相似文献   

The Full-Time — Part-Time Debate: A Research Contribution     

James C. Hansen  Gilbert D. Moore 《Counselor Education & Supervision》1968,8(1):18-22

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Mixed-method pre-cooling reduces physiological demand without improving performance of medium-fast bowling in the heat     

Minett GM  Duffield R  Kellett A  Portus M 《Journal of sports sciences》2012,30(9):907-915

This study examined physiological and performance effects of pre-cooling on medium-fast bowling in the heat. Ten, medium-fast bowlers completed two randomised trials involving either cooling (mixed-methods) or control (no cooling) interventions before a 6-over bowling spell in 31.9±2.1°C and 63.5±9.3% relative humidity. Measures included bowling performance (ball speed, accuracy and run-up speeds), physical characteristics (global positioning system monitoring and counter-movement jump height), physiological (heart rate, core temperature, skin temperature and sweat loss), biochemical (serum concentrations of damage, stress and inflammation) and perceptual variables (perceived exertion and thermal sensation). Mean ball speed (114.5±7.1 vs. 114.1±7.2 km · h(-1); P = 0.63; d = 0.09), accuracy (43.1±10.6 vs. 44.2±12.5 AU; P = 0.76; d = 0.14) and total run-up speed (19.1±4.1 vs. 19.3±3.8 km · h(-1); P = 0.66; d = 0.06) did not differ between pre-cooling and control respectively; however 20-m sprint speed between overs was 5.9±7.3% greater at Over 4 after pre-cooling (P = 0.03; d = 0.75). Pre-cooling reduced skin temperature after the intervention period (P = 0.006; d = 2.28), core temperature and pre-over heart rates throughout (P = 0.01-0.04; d = 0.96-1.74) and sweat loss by 0.4±0.3 kg (P = 0.01; d = 0.34). Mean rating of perceived exertion and thermal sensation were lower during pre-cooling trials (P = 0.004-0.03; d = 0.77-3.13). Despite no observed improvement in bowling performance, pre-cooling maintained between-over sprint speeds and blunted physiological and perceptual demands to ease the thermoregulatory demands of medium-fast bowling in hot conditions.  相似文献