Evaluation of the Somos Fuertes HIV prevention programme in college women     

Sara B. Oswalt  Tammy J. Wyatt 《Sex education》2016,16(4):418-426

The goal of this study was to examine the impact of a culturally appropriate HIV prevention and sexual empowerment curriculum workshop on female college students at a Hispanic-serving institution in the USA. Female participants in the Somos Fuertes: Strong Women Making Healthy Choices curriculum (n = 175) from a variety of ethnicities completed pre- and post-surveys during the academic years 2007–2008, 2008–2009, and 2009–2010. Paired t-tests were conducted to examine pre- and post-results on five scales: perceived sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk, perceived HIV risk, intended use of barriers during sex, effective communication skills, and behavioural self-efficacy. The analyses showed significant differences with at least medium effect sizes for all variables except perceived STI risk. The evaluation results demonstrate that the workshop offers a viable curriculum to implement on college campuses interested in affecting change related to HIV prevention strategies in a multicultural female population.  相似文献   

Contextual cues and memory retrieval in rats: Alleviation of forgetting by a pretest exposure to background stimuli     

Bernard Deweer  Susan J. Sara  Bernard Hars 《Learning & behavior》1980,8(2):265-272

With a relatively complex maze, reliable forgetting is clearly seen when the training-test interval is 25 days. This forgetting is evidenced by the longer time taken to run the maze and in an increase in the number of errors from the last training trial to the first test trial. In this case, forgetting is a lapse, not a loss, since performance attains the last training trial level at a subsequent test. Furthermore, a reminder which does not in itself contain sufficient information to facilitate performance of a naive animal, significantly improves maze performance of animals which have “forgotten,” even on the first retention test. With the use of additional control groups, it is shown that there must be a memory lapse before contextual cues can be demonstrated to be effective in facilitating memory retrieval.  相似文献   

Juridification of examination systems: extending state level authority over teacher assessments through regrading of national tests     

Judit Novak  Sara Carlbaum 《教育政策杂志》2017,32(5):673-693

Since 2009, the Swedish Government uses an ‘audit’ agency – the Swedish Schools Inspectorate – to monitor and assess the accuracy with which teachers grade student responses on national tests. This study explores the introduction and subsequent establishment of the Inspectorate’s regrading programme as an example of political management of the tensions between competition and equity inherent in neoliberal regulatory regimes. The programme is considered a case for examining contemporary policies and discourses on fairness and government actions undertaken to resolve issues of unfair assessment and safeguard students’ rights. Work of Carol Bacchi forms part of the theoretical background for the investigation of problem representations around and within the programme. The article demonstrates how discursive practices in the fields of government, audit and media have worked to frame teachers’ assessments as incorrect, unfair and as jeopardizing the credibility of the grading system, thus justifying increased central control and authority over teacher assessments. As such, the regrading programme contributed to increased mistrust in teacher professionalism. A legal discourse is identified, and we argue the examination system is being juridified where the abundance of control over knowledge risks turning into a deficit of that same knowledge.  相似文献   

Environmental literacy of youth movement members – is environmentalism a component of their social activism?     

Daphne Goldman  Sara Pe’er  Bela Yavetz 《Environmental Education Research》2017,23(4):486-514

Youth-movements in Israel are non-formal organizations that educate for social and political involvement and provide a broad platform for youth involvement in the community. This study explored the question: does the social activism of adolescents who both elect for membership in youth movements and a leadership role of instructing younger members also reflect itself in environmentalism? In a survey of 1496 young instructors drawn from 15 official youth movements, findings on environmental literacy variables show youth are only generally knowledgeable about environmental problems; express ‘technical-optimism’ which leads them to limited concern for the environment; show limited recognition of the importance of environmental education, and show limited acknowledgment of the necessity for changes in personal consumerism. Findings also show that environmental issues are not on their mind since they are not a conversation topic with peers or family. Nonetheless, these youth also demonstrate strong self-efficacy to effect change; view themselves as role models for younger members; and express willingness to include environmentally-supportive activities within regular youth movement activities. Their valuing of nature also provides a foundation for building other environmental values. Further analysis shows how these findings can contribute theoretical and practical tools for incorporating sustainability within the youth movement framework, and help realize their potential for promoting sustainability in society.  相似文献   

Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Sunflower seed and nest paper reinforcers     

Sara J. Shettleworth 《Learning & behavior》1978,6(3):352-362

Undeprived hamsters received nest paper or sunflower seeds in their home cages, free or contingent on one of three activities. The pattern of effects of reinforcement was the same as that reported previously with food for hungry hamsters in an open field: Open rearing and scrabbling quickly increased in rate when reinforced with paper or seeds, but face washing showed little or no increase. Certain interrelations found previously between noncontingent effects of reinforcers, deprivation effects, and contingent effects were absent and therefore are not essential to the differences among these three behaviors during reinforcement. The hamsters could learn to interrupt fact washing to collect either paper or seeds, but even then they did not increase their time face washing to high levels. Raising the operant level of face washing by spraying the animals with water did not improve instrumental performance. Face washing could be classified as an involuntary activity, but this term does not provide a full account of its special properties, such as shortened bouts, during reinforcement and punishment.  相似文献   

Examining the Etiology of Reading Disability as Conceptualized by the Hybrid Model     

Florina Erbeli  Sara A. Hart  Richard K. Wagner  Jeanette Taylor 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2018,22(2):167-180

A fairly recent definition of reading disability (RD) is that in the form of a hybrid model. The model views RD as a latent construct that is manifested through various observable unexpected impairments in reading-related skills and through inadequate response to intervention. The current report evaluated this new conceptualization of RD from an etiological perspective. The sample consisted of 2,737 twin pairs in 1st through 4th grade (M_age = 8.52) from the Florida Twin Project on Reading. Using twin analyses, results showed that a substantial proportion of genetic variance, a small proportion of shared environmental, and a small proportion of nonshared environmental variance was attributed to the RD factor. Findings suggest that the etiological architecture of RD closely mirrors the structure of the hybrid model of RD.  相似文献   

The role of schemes in designing computerized environments     

Sara Hershkovitz  Pearla Nesher 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》1996,30(4):339-366

Schemes are said to underly cognitive processes, including problem solving in Mathematics. An attempt to test the impact of schemes in solving 2-step word-problems was made in an instructional study where two computerized environments were compared. In the S.P.A. (Schemes for Problem Analysis) software, the user works with schemes in order to analyze and solve the problems. When using S.P.A., the solver has to fill in the data in a scheme which is presented graphically. From the scheme the operation is derived in a deterministic manner, and the user (solver) can then calculate the solution. A feedback mechanism follows. In the A.P. (Algebraic Proposer) software the user fills in a table with the data given in the word-problem and then has to find out which operation to use in order to find the solution. The effectiveness of S.P.A. vs. A.P. was empirically examined in an instructional experiment which studied two sixth grade classes during a four month period. The results of the experiment concluded that, in solving easy word problems, both of the two software systems were equally helpful. In harder word-problems, however, those who learned with the S.P.A. experienced more success than those who had learned with A.P. It was also found that S.P.A. was more instrumental in helping low achieving students cope with hard word-problems.  相似文献   

Origins of individual differences in theory of mind: from nature to nurture?     

Hughes C  Jaffee SR  Happé F  Taylor A  Caspi A  Moffitt TE 《Child development》2005,76(2):356-370

In this study of the origins of individual differences in theory of mind (ToM), the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study sample of 1,116 sixty-month-old twin pairs completed a comprehensive battery of ToM tasks. Individual differences in ToM were striking and strongly associated with verbal ability. Behavioral genetic models of the data showed that environmental factors explained the majority of the variance in ToM performance in this sample. Shared environmental influences on verbal ability had a common impact on ToM and explained more than half the phenotypic correlation between these two skills. Possible underlying proximal mechanisms are discussed, including maternal speech and mind-mindedness, sibling interactions, and peer influences.  相似文献   

‘Question Moments’: A Rolling Programme of Question Opportunities in Classroom Science     

Helena Pedrosa-de-Jesus  Sara Leite  Mike Watts 《Research in Science Education》2016,46(3):329-341

This naturalistic study integrates specific ‘question moments’ into lesson plans to increase pupils’ classroom interactions. A range of tools explored students’ ideas by providing students with opportunities to ask and write questions. Their oral and written outcomes provide data on individual and group misunderstandings. Changes to the schedule of lessons were introduced to explore these questions and address disparities. Flexible lesson planning over 14 lessons across a 4-week period of high school chemistry accommodated students’ contributions and increased student participation, promoted inquiring and individualised teaching, with each teaching strategy feeding forward into the next.  相似文献   

Wesley Shumar 1997. College for Sale: A Critique of the Commodification of Higher Education     

Sara Delamont 《Higher Education》1998,35(4):475-476

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