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61.
Martin Oliver Katerina Avramides Wilma Clark Jade Hunter Rose Luckin Cecilie Hansen 《Teacher Development》2018,22(4):587-606
Sharing teachers’ professional knowledge remains challenging. Teachers’ development often remains ad hoc or local, and attempts to scale this up have proved problematic. To address this, research in areas such as ‘learning design’ has explored the use of formal representations of practice. This proposes that educational practice can be improved by documenting, sharing and building on what teachers already do. Whilst this has led to some successes, it has not resulted in the widespread transformation of practice. This paper reviews the literature about sharing teacher knowledge. The challenges of scaling up development are then considered in relation to two theories that help explain the challenges: Communities of Practice and Sociomateriality. This analysis is illustrated through case studies in Norway and the UK. These show that teachers already create and share artefacts that represent their pedagogic knowledge. However, they found formal representations, such as learning designs, difficult to work with. The paper concludes that scaling up teacher development using abstract formalisms is unlikely to succeed. Instead, teachers value stories and the materials they already create in their day-to-day practice. It is this intermediate level of representation, between direct experience and formal abstraction, that offers the most promise for sharing practice. 相似文献
62.
The present experiment compared two methods of eliminating a classically conditioned response in dogs, extinction and reinforcement of nonsalivation, using both a within- and between-subjects experimental design. Eighteen dogs were trained for 16 days in Phase I, 16 days in Phase II, and 8 days in Phase III. In Phase I, each subject received classical conditioning training to two stimuli. In Phase II, Group 1 received extinction training to one stimulus and reinforcement of nonsalivation to the other stimulus. Group 2 received continued classical conditioning training to one stimulus and reinforcement on nonsalivation training to the other. Group 3 received continued classical conditioning training to one stimulus and extinction training to the other. In both the within- and between-subjects comparisons, responding to the stimulus associated with extinction was eliminated faster than responding to the stimulus associated with reinforcement of nonsalivation. 相似文献
63.
64.
Pascale Marguerite Josiane Engel de Abreu Susan Elizabeth Gathercole Romain Martin 《Learning and individual differences》2011,21(5):569-574
This study investigates the relationship between working memory and language in young children growing up in a multilingual environment. The aim is to explore whether mechanisms of short-term storage and cognitive control hold similar relations to emerging language skills and to investigate if potential links are mediated by related cognitive abilities. A sample of 119 Luxembourgish 6-year-olds completed several assessments of working memory (complex and simple span), native and foreign vocabulary, syntax, reading, rhyme awareness, and fluid intelligence. Results showed that short-term storage and cognitive control manifested differential links with developing language abilities: Whereas verbal short-term storage was specifically linked to vocabulary; cognitive control manifested unique and robust links with syntax and early reading development. The study suggests that in young children the working memory system is composed of separate but interacting components corresponding to short-term storage and cognitive control that can be distinguished by the roles they play in supporting language acquisition. 相似文献
65.
Silva KM Spinrad TL Eisenberg N Sulik MJ Valiente C Huerta S Edwards A Eggum ND Kupfer AS Lonigan CJ Phillips BM Wilson SB Clancy-Menchetti J Landry SH Swank PR Assel MA Taylor HB;School Readiness Consortium 《Early education and development》2011,22(3):434-460
RESEARCH FINDINGS: The purpose of this study was to examine the relations of children's effortful control and quality of relationships with teachers to school attitudes longitudinally in an ethnically diverse and economically disadvantaged sample. Data were collected as part of a larger intervention project during mid-fall, winter, and late spring (ns = 823, 722, and 758, respectively) for 2 cohorts of 3- to 5-year-olds (collected during 2 different school years). Children's effortful control was assessed in the fall with parents' and teachers' reports and 2 behavioral measures. Teacher-child relationship quality was assessed mid-year with teachers' reports of closeness and conflict. Attitudes toward school were assessed in late spring using teachers' and students' reports of school avoidance and liking. Effortful control, in general, was positively correlated with teacher-child closeness and school liking and negatively correlated with conflict and school avoidance. Using structural equation modeling and controlling for sex and ethnicity, we found that effortful control was positively related to teacher-child relationship quality, which in turn was positively related to school attitudes. Furthermore, the relation of effortful control to school attitudes was mediated by teacher-child relationship quality. PRACTICE OR POLICY: Results provide evidence for the importance of relational processes that take place within the classroom context and have implications for teachers and clinicians working to increase school success in ethnic minority and low-income children. 相似文献
66.
67.
Emily Worthington Susan Maude Kere Hughes Gayle Luze Carla Peterson Mary Jane Brotherson Katherine Bruna Molly Luchtel 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2011,39(1):51-60
The dramatic growth in the number of children learning English as a second language in our country has led to a corresponding
increase in the need to understand how teachers and schools can effectively teach children who are learning English as a second
language. Many teachers report not feeling prepared to meet the needs of these children (National Center for Education Statistics,
Teacher preparation and professional development: 2000. , 2002). The current study used focus group interviews to examine how Head Start teachers in one program addressed the special learning
needs of children learning English in their classrooms. Key challenges involved communicating with children and their families
in their home language. Teachers used other staff, parents, and children in the classroom to interpret. Strategies involved
visual aids, pictures, gestures, and a welcoming classroom environment. Resources used by teachers were professional development
and language skills of other staff. However, available resources were often underutilized and limited for teachers to use
in meeting the challenges the teachers faced in the classroom. Suggestions are presented for overcoming the challenges and
limited resources encountered by teachers, such as changes in preservice and inservice training opportunities, and second
language learning opportunities for teachers. Further implications for training and research are discussed. 相似文献
68.
The purpose of this study was to examine: (a) the role of teacher talk in promoting peer interaction, (b) the adequacy of
social IEP objectives to reflect children’s social functioning and guide provision of teacher talk, and (c) differences in
children’s peer interaction and teacher talk in inclusive and segregated settings. Thirty children with disabilities and their
teachers participated. Overall, we observed low rates of teacher talk thought to support peer interaction; however, when teachers
verbally facilitated peer interaction, children were observed interacting more frequently with peers. Children’s social IEPs
accurately reflected their current level of social functioning. However, the social IEPs appeared to fail to influence teacher
intervention. Finally, children with disabilities in inclusive settings interacted with peers more than children in segregated
settings, even though there was no significant difference in amount of teacher talk in the two settings. 相似文献
69.
Carol Lynn Martin Naomi C. Z. Andrews Dawn E. England Kristina Zosuls Diane N. Ruble 《Child development》2017,88(1):167-182
The goal was to test a new dual identity perspective on gender identity by asking children (n = 467) in three grades (Mage = 5.7, 7.6, 9.5) to consider the relation of the self to both boys and girls. This change shifted the conceptualization of gender identity from one to two dimensions, provided insights into the meaning and measurement of gender identity, and allowed for revisiting ideas about the roles of gender identity in adjustment. Using a graphical measure to allow assessment of identity in young children and cluster analyses to determine types of identity, it was found that individual and developmental differences in how similar children feel to both genders, and these variations matter for many important personal and social outcomes. 相似文献
70.
ABSTRACTTo what extent does soccer increase the capability of the homeless and those living on the street? This study addresses this question by focusing on the ways in which the Homeless World Cup and Street Soccer (Scotland) have impacted upon the lives of some individuals. Primary source data obtained from a series of interviews are situated within Sen’s capability approach to social choice theory. The implications of the study contribute to policy by supporting the idea that sport can contribute as a resource of hope through the development of capability that impacts upon life chances and choices. It adds to a growing number of applied studies of sport that have critically used the work of Sen and it advances the way in which this body of work has been utilized in sport and related areas. 相似文献