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41.
The purpose of this study was to examine: (a) the role of teacher talk in promoting peer interaction, (b) the adequacy of
social IEP objectives to reflect children’s social functioning and guide provision of teacher talk, and (c) differences in
children’s peer interaction and teacher talk in inclusive and segregated settings. Thirty children with disabilities and their
teachers participated. Overall, we observed low rates of teacher talk thought to support peer interaction; however, when teachers
verbally facilitated peer interaction, children were observed interacting more frequently with peers. Children’s social IEPs
accurately reflected their current level of social functioning. However, the social IEPs appeared to fail to influence teacher
intervention. Finally, children with disabilities in inclusive settings interacted with peers more than children in segregated
settings, even though there was no significant difference in amount of teacher talk in the two settings. 相似文献
42.
Conclusion Garrison’s (2000) review of distance education theories describes the current need for ”sustained real two-way communication
... that refiect(s) a collaborative approach to distance education” (p. 13). One way to apply such theories to research and
coursework is to use collaborative documents to promote transactions culminating in deliberation among the key players. Such
deliberation can create ”a particular kind of democratic public culture among the deliberators: listening as well as talking,
sharing resources, forging decisions together rather than only advocating positions taken earlier, and coming to disagreement”
(Parker, Ninomiya, & Cogan, 1999, p. 129).
Her research interests are collaborative learning in distance education, impact of culture on online learners, and design
of online instruction for constructivist learning environments.
Her primary research interests are in design considerations for collaborative online environments and in the powers of shared
multimedia for enhancing personal growth, multicultural understanding, and global awareness. She investigates visual messages:
how they can be shared and interpreted by learners, their impact, and how their impact can be researched.
Her research interests are in computer and network-based foreign language and cultural learning. 相似文献
43.
ABSTRACTTo what extent does soccer increase the capability of the homeless and those living on the street? This study addresses this question by focusing on the ways in which the Homeless World Cup and Street Soccer (Scotland) have impacted upon the lives of some individuals. Primary source data obtained from a series of interviews are situated within Sen’s capability approach to social choice theory. The implications of the study contribute to policy by supporting the idea that sport can contribute as a resource of hope through the development of capability that impacts upon life chances and choices. It adds to a growing number of applied studies of sport that have critically used the work of Sen and it advances the way in which this body of work has been utilized in sport and related areas. 相似文献
44.
Janice T. Gibson Marvin J. Westwood F. Ishu Ishiyama William A. Borgen Susan M. Showalter Qasem Al-Sarraf Semiha A. Atakan Isaura R. F. Guimares A. Lina Guisti-Ortiz Margaret Robertson Benjamin Shafrir Peter De Weerdt Gundelina A. Velazco Carol E. Baker Maria Dikaiou Tatiana Gabay Lina Kashyup Ilona Lee Maria E. Felce Di Paula Hillman Ngunangwa Nina F. Talyzina 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》1991,14(3):203-216
45.
Nancy C. JordanJanellen Huttenlocher Susan Cohen Levine 《Learning and individual differences》1994,6(4)
In two studies, we compared young children's performance on three variations of a nonverbally presented calculation task. The experimental tasks used the same nonverbal mode of presentation but were varied according to response type: (1) putting out disks (nonverbal production); (2) choosing the correct number of disks from a multiple-choice array (nonverbal recognition); and (3) giving a number word (verbal production). The verbal production task required children to map numerosities onto the conventional number system while the nonverbal production and nonverbal recognition tasks did not. Study 1 showed that the performance of 3-, 4- and 5-year-old middle-income children (N = 72) did not vary with the type of response required. Children's answers to nonverbally presented addition and subtraction problems were available in both verbal and nonverbal forms. In contrast. Study 2 showed that low-income children (3- and 4-year-olds; N = 48) performed significantly better on both nonverbal response type tasks than on the verbal response type task. Analysis of individual data indicated that a number of the low-income children were successful on the completely nonverbal calculation tasks, even though they had difficulty with verbal counting (i.e., set enumeration and cardinality). The findings suggest that the ability to calculate does not depend on mastery of conventional symbols of arithmetic. 相似文献
46.
Pigeons' keypecking was reinforced by food on baseline schedules of multiple variable interval (VI) x VI x and on contrast schedules of multiple VI x VI y. Deprivation of food was varied by maintaining subjects at 75%, 85%, and 95% (+/- 2%) of their free-feeding weights. Positive and negative behavioral contrast were observed. The size of the contrast was not systematically altered by changes in deprivation. Positive and negative contrast were both larger later in the session than they were earlier. Within-session decreases in responding were steeper for the baseline than for the contrast schedules for positive contrast. Within-session decreases were steeper for the contrast than for the baseline schedules for negative contrast. These results were predicted by the idea that different amounts of habituation to the reinforcer during the baseline and contrast schedules contribute to behavioral contrast. The results show that contrast occurs under conditions that reduce the effect of the following component. The results support the assumption that positive and negative contrast are produced by symmetrical theoretical variables. 相似文献
47.
Ask Elklit Liv Michelsen Siobhan Murphy 《Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research》2018,62(1):150-159
The association between child maltreatment (CM) and educational outcomes have been well documented. However, there is a paucity of research that explores the association between different types of maltreatment and other school problems that may affect the educational outcomes of maltreated children. This study examined the association between different types of CM and school changes, concentration problems, and special educational needs. Gender differences were also examined. Structured interviews were conducted with 2,980 participants. Significant associations emerged between CM, in particular, multiple maltreatment experiences and school problems. Males had higher concentration difficulties and special educational needs. More research attention is needed into optimal learning environments and interventions that support maltreated children more effectively. 相似文献
48.
This investigation analyzed goals from the Individual Educational Programs (IEPs) of 54 high school students with diagnosed
reading disabilities in basic skills (decoding and/or word identification). Results showed that for 73% of the students, the
IEPs written when they were in high school failed to specify any objectives regarding their acute difficulties with basic
skills. IEPs from earlier points in the students’ educations were also reviewed, as available. For 23 of the students, IEPs
were present in the students’ files for three time points: elementary school (ES), middle school (MS), and high school (HS).
Another 20 students from the sample of 54 had IEPs available for two time points (HS and either MS or ES). Comparisons with
the IEPs from younger years showed a pattern of decline from ES to MS to HS in the percentage of IEPs that commented on or
set goals pertaining to weaknesses in decoding. These findings suggest that basic skills deficits that persist into the upper
grade levels are not being sufficiently targeted for remediation, and help explain why older students frequently fail to resolve
their reading problems. 相似文献
49.
Kelli R. Paquette Susan E. Fello Mary Renck Jalongo 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2007,35(1):65-73
Listening and reading comprehension can be assessed by analyzing children’s visual, verbal, and written representations of
their understandings. “Talking Drawings” (McConnell, S. (1993). Talking drawings: A strategy for assisting learners. Journal of Reading, 36(4), 260–269 is one strategy that enables children to combine their prior knowledge with the new information derived from
an expository text and “translate” those newly-acquired understandings into other symbol systems, including an oral discussion
with a partner, a more detailed drawing, and written labels for the drawing. The Talking Drawings strategy begins by inviting
children to create pre-learning drawings. These initial drawings are a way of taking inventory of a child’s current content
knowledge about a particular topic. After pre-learning drawings are created and shared, children listen to or read an expository
text (e.g., information book, passage from a textbook) on the same topic as their drawing. Pairs of students discuss the information
and either modify their pre-learning drawings to be more detailed or create completely new drawings that reflect the recently-acquired
information. Students are encouraged to label their drawings with words in a diagram or schematic fashion. By evaluating the
“before” and “after” artwork, educators can identify advances in students’ reading and listening comprehension of the terminology,
facts, and principles on a particular topic. 相似文献
50.
Shalom M. Fisch Susan K. McCann 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1993,41(3):103-109
The current reform movement in mathematics education has called for new ways of teaching that encourage children to become
active participants in mathematical problem solving. In this article, the potential of educational television to elicit such
behavior is investigated by reviewing research on theSquare One TV television series. A sizable body of evidence indicates that, through viewer participation,Square One TV can promote mathematical behavior directly among its target audience of 8- to 12-year-olds. Described in the article are
the types of viewer participation that have been observed, threeSquare One TV formats that have consistently been found to elicit participative behavior, and several characteristics of these formats
that may have been responsible for increased viewer participation. If these characteristics are incorporated into future television-based
materials, they may increase the potential of the materials to elicit active participation among viewers.
The production ofSquare One TV and the research described here were supported by the National Science Foundation, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting,
the Carnegie Corporation, and the U.S. Department of Education. Production of the first season was also supported by the Andrew
W. Mellon Foundation and by the IBM Corporation. Additional funding for the fourth and fifth seasons was provided by the Intel
Corporation.
This article is based on a paper presented at the 1993 meeting of the American Educational Research Association in Atlanta,
Georgia. 相似文献