Valuations of experimental designs in proteomic biomarker experiments and traditional randomised controlled trials     

Claes-Fredrik Helgesson  Francis Lee  Lisa Lindén 《Journal of Cultural Economy》2016,9(2):157-172

This article examines the shifting conditions for biomedical knowledge production by studying trends in the design of biomedical experiments. The basic premise of the study is that the very act of establishing a research design entails a process involving a series of valuations where different values are evoked, ordered, and displaced. In focus is the articulation and ordering of what counts as central values in research design for two kinds of biomedical treatment trials, namely the traditional randomised controlled trial (RCT) and the emerging new form of biomarker trials used to assess biomarker/treatment combinations (BTTs). The empirical material consists of textbooks (RCTs) and journal articles (BTTs). We ask how these materials articulate the various scientific, medical, and economic values at play. Among the differences uncovered are a difference in relation to what counts as ethical in relation to prior knowledge, differences in the flexibility in design as well as the valuation of the risk for false positives and false negatives. More broadly, the study shows how textual accounts of different ways of producing knowledge are linked to partly different valuations of ethics, flexibility, and risk as part of establishing the research design of biomedical experiments.  相似文献   

Sector-wide approach to education: Views from Sida     

Agneta Lind  Christine McNab 《Prospects》2000,30(4):423-435

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Segmental dynamics of soccer instep kicking with the preferred and non-preferred leg     

Nunome H  Ikegami Y  Kozakai R  Apriantono T  Sano S 《Journal of sports sciences》2006,24(5):529-541

Detailed time-series of the resultant joint moments and segmental interactions during soccer instep kicking were compared between the preferred and non-preferred kicking leg. The kicking motions of both legs were captured for five highly skilled players using a three-dimensional cinematographic technique at 200 Hz. The resultant joint moment (muscle moment) and moment due to segmental interactions (interaction moment) were computed using a two-link kinetic chain model composed of the thigh and lower leg (including shank and foot). The mechanical functioning of the muscle and interaction moments during kicking were clearly illustrated. Significantly greater ball velocity (32.1 vs. 27.1 m . s(-1)), shank angular velocity (39.4 vs. 31.8 rad . s(-1)) and final foot velocity (22.7 vs. 19.6 m . s(-1)) were observed for the preferred leg. The preferred leg showed a significantly greater knee muscle moment (129.9 N . m) than the non-preferred leg (93.5 N . m), while no substantial differences were found for the interaction moment between the two legs (79.3 vs. 55.7 N . m). These results indicate that the highly skilled soccer players achieved a well-coordinated inter-segmental motion for both the preferred and non-preferred leg. The faster leg swing observed for the preferred leg was most likely the result of the larger muscle moment.  相似文献   

Proof image     

Ivy Kidron  Tommy Dreyfus 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2014,87(3):297-321

The emergence of a proof image is often an important stage in a learner’s construction of a proof. In this paper, we introduce, characterize, and exemplify the notion of proof image. We also investigate how proof images emerge. Our approach starts from the learner’s efforts to construct a justification without (or before) attempting any formal argument, and it focuses on the process by which a complete but not necessarily communicable image of that justification becomes available to the learner and provides explanation with certainty. We consider the interplay between the learner’s intuitive and logical thinking and, using the theoretical framework of Abstraction in Context, we trace the construction of knowledge that results from and enables progress of this interplay. The existence and identification of proof images and the nature of the processes by which they emerge constitute the theoretical contribution of this paper. Its practical value lies in the empirical analyses of these processes and in the potential to apply them to the design of tasks that support students in constructing their own proofs images and proofs. We believe that such processes are likely to considerably enrich students’ mathematical experience.  相似文献   

Upper Secondary Schools and Sparsity: The Case of Northern Sweden     

Tommy Lind 《Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research》2019,63(3):333-346

Governmental reforms since the early 1990s have acted as a push factor for starting new schools in Sweden and have created options for pupils to choose a school irrespective of municipal borders. This study highlights the upper secondary school system in small municipalities in northern Sweden since the late 1990s. The analysis shows that the reforms led to more schools, and thereby also to more competition in recruiting pupils both within and across municipal borders. When the cohorts started declining, the vulnerability of the school structure became obvious. The competition generated higher costs per capita and fewer available programs in small municipalities. Furthermore, it was noted that fewer pupils attending schools in small municipalities completed their education compared to those in larger municipalities.  相似文献   

Promoting Compliance in Children Referred to Child Protective Services: A Randomized Clinical Trial     

Teresa Lind  Kristin Bernard  Heather A. Yarger  Mary Dozier 《Child development》2020,91(2):563-576

Early experiences of maltreatment have long-term negative effects on children's compliance. This randomized clinical trial examined whether a brief preventative intervention (Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up; ABC) was effective in enhancing compliance in children who had been referred to Child Protective Services. Participants included 101 parent–child dyads who received either ABC or a control intervention when children were infants (M = 9.4 months old, SD = 6.1). When children were approximately 36 months old (M = 38.5, SD = 3.0), ABC children demonstrated significantly better compliance than control children. Further, parent sensitivity, measured 1 month post intervention when children were, on average, 18.4 months old (SD = 6.9) partially mediated the effect of ABC on child compliance at 36 months old.  相似文献   

Secondary teachers’ knowledge of elementary number theory proofs: the case of general-cover proofs     

Michal Tabach  Esther Levenson  Ruthi Barkai  Pessia Tsamir  Dina Tirosh  Tommy Dreyfus 《Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education》2011,14(6):465-481

In light of recent reform recommendations, teachers are expected to turn proofs and proving into an ongoing component of their classroom practice. Two questions emerging from this requirement are: Is the mathematical knowledge of high school teachers sufficient to prove various kinds of statements? Does teachers’ knowledge allow them to determine the validity of an argument made by their students? The results of this study, in which 50 secondary school teachers participated, point to a positive answer to the first question in the framework of elementary number theory (ENT). However, the picture is more complex with respect to the second one. Results indicated that some teachers may over-value the generality of symbolic mode of representation and under-value the generality of verbal ones. Possibly, the verbal representation of an argument is less transparent and more difficult to understand.  相似文献   

P. E. and the “Normal” American Child     

Tommy Thompson 《Clearing house (Menasha, Wis.)》2013,86(4)

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Illegal tuition waivers in Minnesota     

Tommy Sangchompuphen 《Academic Questions》1998,11(4):66-68

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Employee information processing behaviors before and after a corporate downsizing     

Mary R. Lind  Robert W. Zmud 《The Information Society》2013,29(1):43-57

The World Wide Web possesses unique characteristics that distinguish it in important ways from traditional commercial communications environments. Because the Web presents a fundamentally different environment for marketing activities than traditional media, conventional marketing activities are becoming transformed, as they are often difficult to implement in their present form. In this article, we discuss the idea that these changes portend an evolution in the ''marketing concept'' and argue that in order for marketing efforts to be successful in this new medium, a new business paradigm is required. In this new approach, the marketing function must be reconstructed to facilitate electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.  相似文献