A critical analysis of research methods in the published literature in the field of information science. Report on the results of the comparison made between a set of 430 articles published 1969–1971 and another set of 152 articles published in 1974. Overall findings indicate that while the amount of research reported is remaining stable, the methods have improved somewhat in 1974, as compared to earlier years. 相似文献
This study investigates how competition, concentration and public broadcasters influence diversity of programme supply in
European television markets. It focuses on free, national generalist channels; studies programmes as provided throughout the
day; and tests hypotheses with data on Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the U.K. for the
late 1980s and 1990s. It concludes that competition is moderate in most markets. Under these conditions, competition and concentration
contribute to a diverse supply of programmes that mirrors audience demand, while public broadcasters increase diversity of
supply above competitive market levels. 相似文献
The viability of a pencil‐and‐paper version of the lexical‐decision (LD) task to assess children's word decoding skill was investigated. Participants in this study were Dutch second and third graders. Lexical decision and oral reading appear to be highly correlated, in second grade more than in third grade. Retest reliability of the LD tests is sufficient, at least for screening purposes, to good. The correlation with tests designed to measure pencil‐and‐paper test‐taking skills shows that such skills at most play a minor role. Materials of different phonological and morphological structure caused systematic differences in score level, but a single factor suffices to explain common reading test variance. LD scores appear not to be particularly subject to inappropriate strategies. 相似文献
In recent attempts to reform assessment much attention is devoted to the formats of assessment and organizational aspects. Without good problems, however, it is impossible to improve assessment. This article focuses on the role of problems in the development of better assessment. An example of an attempt is given with respect to some key concepts and abilities on percentage. A series of problems for assessing these has been developed inspired by the ideas of Realistic Mathematics Education. The guiding principles were that problems should be meaningful and informative. The problems, which are rather different from the traditional kind have been tried out in two American grade 7 classes. The problems reveal a lot about the different levels of understanding of students. As such they can facilitate instructional decision making. Nevertheless it is clear that this is not the final stage of the search for better assessment problems. As a start to further developmental research, some recommendations will be given for the improvement of the problems.This article is a revised version of a paper presented at PME XVII in Japan (Van den Heuvel-Panhuizen, 1993b). 相似文献
The article illustrates the development of Headmaster training in Flanders and the role of the University of Antwerp in that development. The analysis of needs is discussed, as is the strategy evolved to meet these needs. Not all problems have been solved, and the article reviews briefly some questions still to be asked.
L'article décrit le développement de la formation des directeurs d'école en Flandre, et aussi le rôle de l'Université d'Anvers dans ce processus. Il discute l'analyse des besoins ainsi que la stratégie qui a été développée pour répondre à ces besoins. Tous les problèmes n'ont pas été résolus et l'article soulève brièvement quelques questions qui se posent encore. 相似文献
In this study, conducted in the Netherlands, a modified Delphi technique was used to identify salient features of effective in‐service practices and their programming and design. It poses the question: which characteristics must in‐service activities—focused on the implementation of educational innovations—have in the opinion of experts in the field of in‐service education?
After reviewing studies on in‐service teacher education and educational implementation, a list of 60 statements on effective features of in‐service education was compiled. In three rounds, the statements were reviewed by a panel of experts with regard to their appropriateness and importance for the implementation of educational changes. This review resulted in a list of 34 statements, which, according to the Delphi participants, reflect appropriate and important features of effective in‐service teacher education. 相似文献
ABSTRACTFood waste has serious economic and environmental repercussions, and there is growing policy attention to this issue in Canada. This study investigates how the material characteristics of wasted food influence its circulation and management in the City of Guelph, Ontario. Based on interviews with informants across the food value chain, we learned that there is a high reliance on systems and techniques to determine when food becomes waste (including cold chains, best before dates, and aesthetic standards). We document how these systems pervade the food chain and food recovery efforts, and also note attempts to disrupt their momentum. Our analysis emphasizes the relational agency of food waste: how social and cultural contexts interact with food’s vital materiality in the determination of when it becomes waste, the circumstances under which waste can become food again, and how organic matter can find a second life as a source of energy and nutrients. 相似文献