Foraging on the radial-arm maze: Effects of altering the reward at a target location     

John D. Batson  Michael R. Best  Deborah L. Phillips  Hemlata Patel  Kevin R. Gilleland 《Learning & behavior》1986,14(3):241-248

Thirsty rats were trained to collect small water rewards from the end of each arm of an eight-arm radial maze. During these training trials and subsequent testing trials, the subjects were allowed to choose a maximum of eight arms. “Preference” for a target maze location was studied by noting when, in the sequence of eight choices, the target was selected. During testing, when one maze location was consistently devoid of water, rats decreased their preference for this arm over trials (Experiment 1). Similarly, rats that learned a saccharin-lithium association demonstrated lower preferences for a maze location that consistently held the conditioned saccharin solution. This was true for animals that received saccharin-lithium conditioning on the maze (Experiment 3A) and for animals conditioned to saccharin in a separate context (Experiment 3B). An increase in preference for a target maze location consistently containing a sweet chocolate milk solution was observed in animals that were water- and food-deprived (Experiment 2). These studies demonstrate that animals will modify their responses toward (preferences for) maze locations that predictably contain an altered reward.  相似文献   

One bottle too many? Method of testing determines the detection of overshadowing and retention of taste aversions     

W. Robert Batsell  Michael R. Best 《Learning & behavior》1993,21(2):154-158

A two-bottle testing method generally is regarded as a more sensitive measure of taste aversions than a one-bottle test. The current research compared the sensitivity of one-bottle and two-bottle tests in the detection of taste aversions. Specifically, the experiments were designed to detect both overshadowing (single- vs. compound-element conditioning) and retention interval (5 days vs. 1 day) effects. The groups tested with the one-bottle method evidenced both significant overshadowing and stronger aversions at 5-day retention intervals. On the other hand, the differences on these measures were not significant with the two-bottle tests. It is suggested that the efficacy of the two-bottle test be re-evaluated since it may obscure between-group differences in aversion strength.  相似文献   

A Critical Reflection on Career Development     

Peter McIlveen  Wendy Patton 《International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance》2006,6(1):15-27

The science and professional practices of vocational psychology and career development are brought into question via a critical polemic informed by the work of Foucault, with a particular focus on the application of theory and techniques of objective assessment and psychometrics. It is asserted that the scientific and professional discourse and constructs of traditional approaches to career development have been reified. The context of this discourse is discussed with respect to the risk that career development scientists and practitioners have become unwitting or complicit instruments of a broader economic and political discourse. Their alignment with the client is ultimately questioned.  相似文献   

Modifications in children's goals when encountering obstacles to conflict resolution     

Troop-Gordon W  Asher SR 《Child development》2005,76(3):568-582

Previous studies have demonstrated that children's goals are associated with their success in peer relationships. The current study extends earlier findings by examining changes in children's goals during hypothetical conflicts. Participants were 252 children ages 9 to 12 years old (133 boys, 119 girls). As predicted, children's goals changed significantly when they encountered obstacles to conflict resolution, and these changes were predictive of their subsequent strategy choices. Both aggressive- and submissive-rejected children were more likely to evidence antisocial changes in their goals, including an increased desire to retaliate. They also showed reluctance to forego instrumental objectives. Other findings highlighted the need to investigate the combinations of goals children pursue as predictors of their strategies and the quality of their peer relationships.  相似文献   

Christians,Brahmins, and other sporting fellows: an analysis of school sports stories     

E. Wendy Saul  R. Gordon Kelly 《Children‘s Literature in Education》1984,15(4):234-245

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Development of sex-trait stereotypes among young children in the United Staes, England, and Ireland     

D L Best  J E Williams  J M Cloud  S W Davis  L S Robertson  J R Edwards  H Giles  J Fowles 《Child development》1977,48(4):1375-1384

The Sex Stereotype Measure II (SSM II), a 32-item revision of the Williams, Bennett, and Best Sex Stereotype Measure, was developed to assess children's knowledge of conventional, sex-trait stereotypes defined by American university students. The procedure employed brief stories and human figure silhouettes which were individually administered to 5- and 8-year-old children in the United States, England, and Ireland and group administered to 11-year-olds in the United States. In the United States, knowledge of sex-trait stereotypes was found to develop in a linear fashion between the ages of 5 and 11, with more male traits than female traits being known at each age level. Cross-nationally, there was a high degree of similarity in the nature of the sex stereotypes being learned by the children in the 3 countries, although the rate of learning appeared slower among the Irish children. In all countries there was a clear progression in sex-stereotype learning from age 5 to age 8. English boys had greater knowledge of stereotypes than English girls, but this was not true in Ireland and the United States. Generally, knowledge of male stereotype traits appeared to develop earlier while knowledge of the female traits increased more rapidly between ages 5 and 8. The similarity in sex-stereotype learning in the 3 countries is discussed, and studies in progress in other countries of greater cultural diversity are noted.  相似文献   

Dialogical self: author and narrator of career life themes     

Peter McIlveen  Wendy Patton 《International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance》2007,7(2):67-80

This conceptual paper introduces the Theory of Dialogical Self to the career development literature. The life themes component of the Theory of Career Construction is the focus of application for dialogical self. It is proposed that the notion of dialogical self may contribute to understanding how individuals construct the career-related life themes. Dialogical self is thus presented as a promising theoretical construct to augment the explanatory capacity of the Theory of Career Construction and the constructivist, narrative approach to career theory in general. Implications for career counselling are presented.  相似文献   

EDUCATIONAL THEORY IN THE EIGHTIES: DIVERSITY AND DIVERGENCE     

Wendy Kohli 《Educational theory》2000,50(3):339-356

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Recognition of substantial equivalence of engineering competence: the Canada—France mutual recognition agreement     

Wendy Ryan-Bacon  Gilles Y. Delisle 《European Journal of Engineering Education》2001,26(3):219-230

Recognition at the full professional level of engineers coming from two different countries with totally different systems is a very difficult task. However, in the context of globalization of all human activities, particularly engineering services, it is essential that well-developed countries take very serious efforts using an open-minded approach to establish the parameters that will permit the ultimate objective of international recognition to be achieved. While there are many ways to move toward this objective, one recognized method of making very important steps is certainly the signature of mutual recognition agreements by major players in the trade of engineering services. In this context, this paper presents the features of a bilateral agreement that has been signed between France and Canada for the recognition of engineers at the full professional level from both countries. This agreement is the first of its kind for Canada. Many features of the agreement are worthy of note for others trying to identify the parameters to achieve an agreement between two countries having very different systems. How this success was achieved is explained, giving full attention to those factors that contributed to the conclusion of this agreement.  相似文献   

Social working memory: Memory for another rat's spatial choices can increase or decrease choice tendencies     

Brown MF  Knight-Green MB  Lorek EJ  Packard C  Shallcross WL  Wifall T  Price T  Schumann E 《Learning & behavior》2008,36(4):327-340

In two experiments using a radial-arm maze, pairs of rats made choices among eight maze locations, each containing a large quantity of one of two food types. The choices made by 1 rat affected the choices made by the other rat. Under most conditions, visits by 1 rat increased the tendency of the other rat to subsequently choose that maze location. However, the effect depended on the quality of the food available in a particular location. When it was possible for the rats to observe each other on the maze arms and a rat had experienced that a location contained the less preferred food type, a previous visit to that location by the foraging partner decreased the tendency to visit that location. These effects are attributed to working memory for the spatial choices of another rat, and they indicate that memory produced by a rat’s own visit to a maze location is integrated with memory for the behavior of another rat to determine spatial choice  相似文献